tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61250152860037030462024-02-20T19:28:47.785-08:00Paper writing servicesrosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-58367056374958054102020-08-26T08:00:00.001-07:002020-08-26T08:00:27.137-07:00Holocaust - The Destruction Process essaysHolocaust - The Destruction Process papers During the period from the mid 1930's to the mid 40's, the Jews in Germany, Poland, and all through Europe confronted extraordinary separation from the Nazis. Beginning with blacklists and slaughters, the Nazis continued to found enactment against the Jews with the Nuremberg Laws. Organization of ghettos started in the late 1930's. An atmosphere of antagonistic vibe against Jews had been deliberately and tenaciously settled. The Holocaust was an efficient annihilation process, which, in a levelheaded, bureaucratic and practically logical style, built up the path for confiscation of property, concealment of rights, and eventually for eradication camps. From a lawful perspective, the main long periods of the Nazis in power were significant. Nazi purposeful publicity began with the principal period of the decimation procedure: criticism. Nazis started to delete the privileges of Jews and other gathering adversaries not long after Hitler became Chancellor in January of 1933. To be increasingly explicit, on March 23, 1933, the Enabling Act was passed, a law approving the legislature to give enactment, regardless of whether that enactment strayed from the Reich Constitution. One case of this enactment is a progression of laws that were made for prohibiting non-Aryans from common help, the lawful, clinical, and dental callings, showing positions, social and amusement ventures, and the press. (The Law for the rebuilding of the Professional Civil Service, A Holocaust Reader, Dawidowicz, p. 35). On September 15, 1935, at the gathering rally, the Nuremberg Laws were reported. A Reich resident is just that subject of German or related blood (Reich Citizen Law of 1935). Along these lines, Jews never again were German residents; they were subjects. To ensure the German Blood and German Honor, they were prohibited to wed Aryans and taboo to fly the Reich and national banners (Protection of German Blood and German Honor of 1935). The declarations of Ruth Kent, a Holocaust survivor, show how the... <! rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-5968976251108941672020-08-22T07:30:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:30:21.698-07:00Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 wordsAdvertising - Essay Example The essential explanations for their inability to viably, proficiently and reliably practice the PR have been additionally credited with the absence of appropriate assets and inadequate time the board just as broken asset allotment (Gale, 2007). Relevantly, including in network improvement exercises is frequently considered as a crucial methodology for advancing connections just as growing long haul prosperous responsibility for with assortment of significant publics stressing on the supportability needs of the association through partner commitment. So as to accomplish fruitful results from the crusades that are intended to advance solid relationship with enormous gathering of populace and empowering social change worried with certain particular issues recognized by NPOs, it is significant that legitimate methodologies and arranging is concocted before the initiation of the battle. It is similarly vital that successful observing and assessment is produced for guaranteeing the qualit y and adequacy of the embraced PR crusades (Gale, 2007). In view of these contemplations, the motivation behind this paper is to break down and assess the adequacy of PR activities connecting with United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and its open comparable to certain wellbeing related issues including malignancy mindfulness, medicate misuse avoidance, smoking discontinuances and youngster government assistance among others. Distinguishing proof of Key Publics The essential purpose for deciding the objective gathering is to recognize the gatherings and crowds who need to change their recognitions, social qualities and mentalities (European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 2010). The best possible recognizable proof of crowds and their effective division can encourage in deciding the course of correspondence in the most dynamic manner. Relevantly, UNICEF endeavors to speak with a wide scope of the general population keeping up a commonly advantage ous relationship. Every one of these open gatherings is additionally distinguished to have one of a kind arrangements of issues worried with different wellbeing factors (United Nations Childrenââ¬â¢s Fund, 2005). Correspondingly, the correspondence crusade started with due worry towards medical problems, UNICEF focused on the gathering of open including people living in the most denied regions exceptionally those working in dangerous natural conditions. For comparative sort of PR crusades, the school and school going youthful and grown-up individuals, who will in general effectively get habituated to smoking and are helpless against tranquilize misuse, can likewise be treated as the intended interest groups. Essentially, guardians and youngsters were additionally focused for the battles all together advance kid government assistance by UNICEF in its PR crusades concerning the advancement requirements for ladies and kids. Concerning the authoritative vision and PR activities, the correspondence programs directed by UNICEF can be separated into three essential gatherings of crowds by and large, including people working in perilous workplace, school and school going youngsters and grown-up inclined to unsocial ways of life, and the guardians who are basically occupied with the working followed by adolescents (NGLS, 2009; United Nations Childrenââ¬â¢s Fund, 2005). Viability of Communication among UNICEF and Its Intended People The perquisite for viable correspondence requires auspicious planning, viable utilization of dialects, legitimate comprehension of culture where the crusade will be held and rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-79036153120298163832020-08-16T14:11:00.001-07:002020-08-16T14:11:03.317-07:00Mechanical Solidarity Essay SampleMechanical Solidarity Essay Sample Mechanical solidarity: the Main Distinctive Features of this Term In this essay, we will learn what mechanical solidarity is and give the examples of this term. This notion is frequently used among the pre-industrial societies. So, letâs discern about this concept in greater detail. Mechanical Solidarity Definition This term is used with the aim to describe the situation when similarities of members of one community maintain the society. Maybe, you donât hear this word in your everyday life frequently, but still, it is widely used in sociology. In other words, this notion describes the cohesion which comes from the homogeneity of different individuals. Members of one society realize that they are related to other members through the same work, lifestyle, religious, and training. As a rule, the term of mechanical solidarity is applied to small-scale societies. Example of Mechanical Solidarity We want to describe this term in greater details, look through the below-listed example. As a rule, one can better understand different sociological aspects after reading the case. Just imagine that there is a little boy, who was born in a remote village in Bali. Every day this boy lives in the community which members spend 9 hours of their day at work. He likes all members of his community, all of them are similar, holding similar values, visiting the same shop and eating similar food. It is an ideal instance of mechanical solidarity. Several Historical Facts First, this sociological term was used by a well-known sociologist, Emile Durkheim more than 100 years ago. In 1893, he wrote a book The Division of Labor. The terms mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity were used in this book for the first time. First, he introduced the term solidarity that was used with the aim to describe different things that could keep one society together. As soon as this book was published, many sociologists started learning these notions more attentively. These terms are opposite. Organic solidarity means the situation when people depend upon each other. To put it simply, it describes the kind of solidarity where there is a subdivision of labor. Every member of this society canât do without the other one. It comes from interdependence. Members of this type of solidarity perform different assignments, and if one member (because of some reasons) canât do his work, there is no one around who substitute him. Mechanical society is absolutely different: its members are engaged in the same everyday activities. They do the same work, share similar views, and their lives are also common. In this kind of solidarity, the work canât stop because of the absence of one of its members. They can always stay together. As a rule, pre-industrial societies are characterized by the term mechanical solidarity. Key Features that Describe Mechanical Solidarity It is a primitive and even more tribal type of society where there is no important or cardinal labor division. As a rule, they have general consciousness â" religion. There are no individuals in this group. People canât express themselves because of some reasons. Religion is in the first place. The whole society makes the same things each day. It swallows up any personality. The property they own is also joint. Of course, an individual can own this property, but in this case, he frees himself from the others and becomes a distinctive being. The major characteristic features of mechanical solidarity are the following ones: The community owns all resources. No one has the right to become the owner of the personal property. Only community property exists, and everyone has a chance to use it. You canât express yourself as a personality. It is forbidden. You depend on the society. Collective consciousness. They share the same beliefs. Repressive laws. They are subdivided into procedural, civil and administrative law. Their overarching goal is to bring back the previous state of affairs. Unfortunately or luckily, it is complicated to give a bright example of one or another society which adheres to the rules of the mechanic or organic solidarity. Still, the community is static and dynamic. One more example of mechanical solidarity is the society which lived in Europe till the epoch of industrialization. During that period, it was a traditional society. One more example is the time of communism, the type of a society where it was almost impossible to be an individual. rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-27865720723653012792020-05-24T05:24:00.001-07:002020-05-24T05:24:03.780-07:00Personnel management vs human resource management - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2947 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? People in an organization carry out the entire task, from setting strategies and goals to allocating financial resources and from producing goods and services to marketing them. Therefore, the human beings are considered to be lsquo;human resource or lsquo;human capital in an organization (Bratton and Gold, 2001). And managing this resource is crucial and the idea and practice of managing have come through several changes. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personnel management vs human resource management" essay for you Create order The ever rising intense competition in the global business and spreading responsibilities brought dramatic changes in the way approaches were made towards people management. The time business crossed the national boundaries and spread throughout different continents and different time zones it faced new challenges and difficulties in meeting the demands from the people of different cultures. Idea sharing and participation in decision making, therefore, became important as these can give the organizations competitive edge in the changed environment. As a consequence the traits like aptitudes; commitment, ability to learn and tacit knowledge have become obligatory in order to have continuous development (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Thus, the demands of the specialists as well as the formation of new strategies to fit to the changed environment increased along with the growth of business boundary. Human Resource Management: lsquo;Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeksto obtain competitive advantage through the strategic deployment ofa highly committed and skilled workforce, using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Storey, 1995). Thus, HRM is mainly a set of policies that are created aiming to obtain the organizational goal through the successful implementation of corporate strategy considering the human resource of the company as the driving force that can make the difference or in other words give the company its most needed competitive advantage. Company needs to balance the aspirations of its people as well as its strategic demands towards making HRM policies. There have been many models to explain the concept Human Resource Management. One of the important models is Harvard model. The Harvard Framework preferred to see the whole process of HRM from the General Managers point of view (Armstrong, 2003). How they want to see the consequences of every step recognizing the importance of trade-offs between owners, employees and various interest groups (Armstrong, 2003). Here, the HR gets some outcomes as the direct affect of its policy choices and those outcomes brings the consequences that meet the stakeholders interests. It suggests that the general managers should develop a viewpoint, as they provide the strategic vision, of how they wish to see the employee involvement in achieving the goals. Another important model is Warwick model. As Harvard model is developed in the American context it reflects the American style and way of managing HR but Warwick model reflects the European style (Loosemore et al., 2003). Unlike Harvard model it focuses on external and internal both context and explores how both the internal and external environment influence the HR decisions (Bratton and Gold, 1999). From Personnel to HRM: The concept of HRM started getting shape in the early stage of industrial revolution (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Emerging concern of employee rights and the growth of trade union, changing reactions of the workforce and employers towards the public policy, implementation of strict health and safety regulations, increased demands of specialised personnel in the work force along with the technological innovations, scientific and sophisticated approach to managing employees and the ever ending competition in the market played vital role in the emergence of the concept Human Resource Management (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Though the concept is old but the title HRM was given to it only couple of decades back. Before that it was known as Personnel Management. Some scholars say that there is no actual difference between Personnel Management and HRM except the two different names (Storey, 2007; Armstrong, 2003; Torrington et al., 2008). Along with the emergence of the new economic order in 80s and 90s of last century the approach towards people management changed and the preference of treating personnel moved to individual rather then collective in order to ensure that the highly skilled and loyal employees will give the organization a competitive advantage (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Thus, changing the title is also an approach to give the people management a new image to fit to the changing environment. Torrington and Hall (1991, cited in Armstrong, 2003) sees the distinction as, Personnel Management is lsquo;workforce centred and therefore directs itself to employees, on the other hand HRM is lsquo;resource centred concerns itself with the overall human resource needs of the organization. Storey (2007) shows the detailed differences between Personal Management and HRM in his twenty seven points of differences where he categorized the elements into four-part basic outlines. These are; Beliefs and assumptions, Strategic Aspects, Line Management and Key levers (Storey, 2007). Miller (1998) integrated Storeys twenty seven points into six main points that focuses on the major points of distinction between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Dimension Personnel HRM Nature of relations Pluralist Unitarist Speed of decision Slow Fast Key managers Personnel General/line Pay Job evaluation Performance related Job categories Many Few Communication Restricted Increased Table: Personnel Management vs Human Resource Management (Miller, 1998) So, the distinction between personnel and HR is clear. The biggest change probably is focus. The focus has now shifted from overall performance to individuals. Employee involvement through personal development is now not only highly encouraged but also to ensure it the companies are undertaking different training and development programmes. An early example of this change was set by Ford when it announced its change initiatives that contain statement like lsquo;employee involvement is our way of life (Storey, 2007). The Characteristics of HRM: The attempt of HRM is to manage the people, the most valuable asset of a company, to achieve its goals and objectives. Thus, the typical characteristics of HRM include both the welfare of the company and the welfare of its employee. Armstrong (2003) pointed out some characteristics of HRM, these are; It integrates the HR and business strategies and emphasizes the need for all strategic fit. It is commitment oriented as it emphasizes on gaining the committed goals and mission of the organisation. It attaches diversified cultures and values together and brings harmony in the workplace. It identifies the potentials of the employee and appoints the task accordingly to ensure the maximum benefits. It manages and harnesses the potentials of the personnel and brings the best out of them. It ensures both the happiness of the personnel and happiness of the stakeholders. The Functions HRM: The basic HR functions according to Armstrong (2003) and Torrington et al (1991) are: Human Resource Planning The management determines the types and the number of human resources it needs to accomplish a task or reach the goal. In this case the management has to consider the financial support available to it. Recruitment and selection; Proper recruitment and selection procedure needs to be followed in order to meet the demand of required skills. In this case the necessary skills can be tested through written or oral test or a combination of both. Reward systems; Reward systems are structured and measured by the company to keep the employee motivated. It may include direct, indirect or psychological reward. Employment legislation; Terms and conditions, policies and opportunities for both parties should be open and written in order to avoid confusion. The HR department has to clearly mention the company policies in the employment contract. Management of diversity; As the business is now global the companies need to ensure an environment where employees from different cultural, religious and ethnic groups are treated equal. Again, Fords early realisation prompted them apply policies such as lsquo;our doors are open to men and women alike without discrimination and without regard to ethnic origin or personal beliefs (Storey, 2007). Training and development; To make the employees more efficient and prepare them for higher level of responsibilities the HRM department needs to have a continuous training and development process. Along with the routine process the companies also train their employees during a sudden demand such as an addition of new software or hardware. Grievance and discipline; To ensure time keeping, good employee relations, proper behaviour and professional attitudes the HR department formulate company procedures. Termination of employment relation; As part of disciplinary action, end of the contract, the part of an employment cut or the relocation of the employee the HRM takes all the necessary actions. Strategic HRM: Human resource management is no more limited to managing people, recruiting, selecting, training and all other conventional administrative duties. As the people are the core competitive advantage in todays business, they are evaluated as the brainpower of the company rather than manpower. The way of business competition has become knowledge based (storey et al, 2009). Thus, the human resource department plays a more strategic role today. Apart from all the administrative works Strategic HR participates on planning corporate strategy. It plans out the necessary skills and required effort needed for a particular task to be carried out in future. SHRM also indicates a planned HR policy that integrates the business goal and may encompasses a number of HR strategies to improve the individual, thus business, performance to make the reward system more effective (CIPD , 2010). Miller (1998) says if a company be able to establish an appropriate fit between strategy and HRM it can be considered as practising strategic HRM. The business strategy and the strategic human resource management run in parallel, both are informative and communicative. Information available to SHRM about how people are motivated deployed and the availability of skills and knowledge might determine the business strategy, on the other hand when business strategy requires the improvement of customer service this will probably shape the training plans and performance improvement plans (CIPD, 2010). Approaches to SHRM: Strategic HRM is mainly a resource based philosophy and this encompasses three possible approaches (Armstrong, 2003). These are explained bellow: Resource based SHRM: Resource based HRM strategy focuses on the performance of the employee and compare the productivity of its people with the competitors. In this approach learning is highly encouraged and the intellectual capital is developed and nurtured. High-performance management approach: By developing the skills of the employees and improving the self management capacity and team performance the HR department can actually enhance the overall productivity and ensure customer satisfaction. Here, the quality leadership, vision, benchmarking and decentralization are suggested in order to have greater success (Stevens, 1998; cited in Armstrong, 2003). High performance approach also require to have a rigorous recruitment and selection procedure, a proper learning and development process and merit pay and profit sharing to encourage high performance (Armstrong, 2003). High involvement management: This approach says employees are to be treated as partners, their interests should be respected and their equal involvement in decision making should be encouraged. A very good communication between the managers and the employees that gives clear understanding of organizational vision, values and the expectation of both parties can achieve the organization its expected productivity. Characteristics of SHRM: There are some characteristics of SHRM can be drawn from the writing of Salaman et al (2005) and Armstrong (2003). These are discussed below: -It connects the whole process to the business strategy and plays a proactive role rather than reactive. Instead of waiting for the instruction and complaints strategic HR managers take proactive steps and plans out the future outcome. -SHRM is output driven. It takes all strategic steps to improve the performance of the employees and achieve the overall competitive advantage. -It is more preventive than corrective and thus it value employees who are multi-skilled, cross-functional and team players. It expects people to do the things write the first attempt. -It provides the guidance to other sections of the organization on what to measure, how to measure and how to report the outcomes of the measurement CIPD (2010) Dave Ulrich (1997) suggested four strategic roles in order to be able to create real value to the business. These are: Strategic partner: Here, the HR manger help the company turn the strategy into result. He will evaluate the existing strategy and figure out whether there is any strategic change needed. Change agent: HRM helps the change happen and it happens faster. Also make sure human resource understand and cope up with the change. Employee champion: managing and evaluating talents or the intellectual capital and Administrative expert: Ensuring the all the human resource related jobs are done and they are done in a way that helps the business. Effect of Globalization: Globalization is shortening the trade barriers, making the market more open and thus more competitive. It is a very influencing source that fuelling the changes faster. Toyota, one of the largest car producers in the world, was the hundredth Japanese company when it decided to locate their first UK based manufacturing facility in Derby (Storey, 2007). But it took fifteen years, from 1972-87, for the first fifty Japanese companies to arrive in UK and the next fifty companies arrived in following two years time (Storey, 1992, p. 12). The challenges that globalization has brought to Human Resource Management and the they should be faced are: Restructuring: Business is expanding in one way or other. Either two or more firms of same industry are merging together or one is acquiring the other. As a direct result of this the company eliminate layers of managers, closes facilities and cut jobs. HR managers are facing challenges in managing people who worked in different company cultures and some whom withdraw their loyalty. Even sometimes when the companies from different countries of different time zones merge than language and cultures become the main concern (CIPD, 2011). -In this regard the HR professionals need work in co-operation with other organizational sections. Need to understand different organizational management policy and take the professional through smooth transition process. Management of diversity: As an effect of globalisation people from different cultures, ethnic groups and religion come in one place and work together and they require a mutual understanding that make the way to productivity smooth. -Here, the HR department needs to ensure a working environment that offers equal opportunity and respect to the people from all background (CIPD, 2010). They need to understand different cultural and religious values. Technological innovation: Continuous innovation of new technology put pressure on HR department of the company to ensure a continuous training and development programme. Also, the technologies are reducing HR tasks that create the chance of HR job cuts. -HR professionals need to make themselves equipped with latest technological knowledge. They need to diversify themselves and be useful in participating other organizational tasks. Outsourcing: Outsourcing concept has come up along with the globalization. Organizations are now outsourcing some of their task to other companies that may be located some other part of the world. Thus, some of the HR functions now to be done by the line managers (Kumar, 2011). -Along with other qualifications the line managers need to have the proper understanding of Human Resource Management. On the other hand the HR managers need to outline and monitor the HR task of the line managers. Economic and political change: Economic changes such as global recession, change in government policy as a result of the shift in political power force the companies to close facilities and decrease production cost. As a direct result of this organizations decrease the size of HR body and put pressure on the remaining to be more productive (Kumar, 2011). -Through the effective training and development process the HR managers need to ensure top level productivity of the human capital that will reduce production cost and make the organization more sustainable. Conclusion: Human Resource Management has come through different changes and challenges over the recent years. Though, the innovation of technologies is reducing some of the HR tasks but these affecting the HR roles very less. Also, outsourcing is also happening in a number of cases thus it is not affecting HR roles significantly (CIPD, 2006). Yet outsourcing may reduce the HR task of an organization but it is shifting those tasks to some other companies. The cost of running a HR department may go up and down but at the end it repay with the improved productivity it brings to the human resource of the company. The human resource still remains the competitive advantage factor and it will remain so in the future. Different market boundaries are falling apart and forming one single global market. In this marketplace different companies of an industry are experimenting all possible and available resources to achieve the competitive advantage. But it is human resource that can offer additional featur es to a business through a continuous development process. Thus, the task of people management is not limiting rather its expanding. A dynamic human resource management body can attract the best bunches of talent by designing and offering exceptional reward and career opportunity package and at the same time it can improve the productivity of its existing resource to the highest level by planning, developing and implementing an effective training and development programme. For instance, Microsoft and Google both have search engines. The number of users using a search engine determines its business success. Now, people will use the search engine that consists of highest number of resources and that offer additional features that carry the better value then the others. The human resources are bringing all the features and widening business opportunities in these both cases. And it is the HRM department that recruits those professionals through an effective selection and recruitment pr ocess, offering them their dream package of reward and compensation, and later on it brings those professionals to this level through a proper training and development. Thus, the Human Resource Management is crucial for organizational survival in todays marketplace. rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-18714130496580170432020-05-13T07:38:00.001-07:002020-05-13T07:38:03.362-07:00The Role of the Department of Homeland Security - 573 Words The Role of the Department of Homeland Security Objective The objective of this study is to clearly and specifically address the principles, goals, and missions of DHS and FBI. Introduction One of the primary roles of the Department of Homeland Security is intelligence and threat analysis and the protection of the countrys critical infrastructure. The Department is reported to fuse and analyze intelligence and other information relating to homeland security threats and multiple resources are used in this endeavor including the CIA, NSA, FBI, INS, DEA, DOE, Customs and DOT and data gleaned from other organizations. (Office of Homeland Security, 2002) I. Critical Mission Areas The Critical Mission Areas for the Department of Homeland Security is inclusive of the following stated areas: (1) Intelligence and Warning; (2) Border and Transportation Security; (3) Domestic Counterterrorism; (4) Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets; (5) Defending Against Catastrophic Threats; and (6) Emergency Preparedness and Response. (Office of Homeland Security, 2002) II. Strategic Objectives The Strategic Objectives stated by the Department of Homeland Security include the following strategic objectives: (1) Preventing terrorist attacks within the United States; (2) Reducing Americas vulnerability to terrorism; and (3) Minimizing the damage and recover from attacks that do occur. (Office of Homeland Security, 2002) In the areas of Intelligence andShow MoreRelatedRole Of The Department Of Homeland Security1659 Words à |à 7 PagesRole of the DHS in Counterterrorism On September 11, 2011, the United States observed the tenth anniversary of the worst terrorist attacks in the history of the United States . The creation of many anti-terrorism organizations was a clear message that this threat is beyond a single military or intelligence capacity. Our citizens demanded a strong response that would prevent any future terrorist threat. President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security as the key agency responsible forRead MoreOverview of the US Department of Homeland Security925 Words à |à 4 PagesDepartment of Homeland Security: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security was formed more than a decade ago with a very significant mission of safeguarding Americas homeland from hazards, threats, and national disasters. This department conducts its mission through securing the countrys borders, preventing terror attacks, and responding to incidents or threats to its citizens (Miller, n.d.). Generally, the most important roles of the Department of Homeland Security are to lead a concerted nationalRead MoreRoles Of Law Enforcement And Intelligence1503 Words à |à 7 PagesRoles of Law Enforcement and Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism After 9/11 September 11, 2001 marks one of the darkest, if not the darkest, days in United States history. It is a day in the history of our country in which everyone remembers where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news that two planes had flown into the World Trade Center in New York City, taking out both of the Twin Towers. All in all there were close to 3,000 people who lost their lives on that fateful day betweenRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Act1165 Words à |à 5 Pages When one thinks of security, they tend to think of being protected, free from harm or danger. There are various security threats that the world faces today. Threats could range from a series of cyber threats to terrorist attacks. We are incessantly encountered with catastrophic man-made and natural diseases. The Department of Homeland Security measures the nation s vulnerabilities, meaning it takes initiative in leading and evaluating vulnerabilities and coordinating with other federal, state,Read MoreThe Role Of Homeland Security From The United States Constitution1398 Words à |à 6 PagesThe role of Homeland Security originated from the Founding Fathers, under the United States Constitution, that created a system and gave the primary role of homeland security to state and local governments (Oliver, 2007). When state and local governments became overwhelmed and could no longer effectively deal with a crisis then homeland security government would assist those governments (Oliver, 2007). The relationship was created through the United States Constitution in Article 4, Section 4, whichRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategies And Policies1231 Words à |à 5 PagesFor this progress assignment I would like to describe homeland security as it is defined in the various U.S. national security strategies and policies. In addition I would like to speak to the difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense to include mission areas, task, operational responsibilities, and coordinating efforts. Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification of the need to protectRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security And Homeland Defense969 Words à |à 4 Pages The defense, security, and safety American citizens enjoy each and every day is a result of dedicated professionals committed to Homeland Security and Homeland Defense. These broad initiatives require well-defined missions, organized and focused tasking, and finally, clearly understood duties, responsibilities, and operations. Organizations charged with these responsibilities must be better resourced than those of the enemy. Success in each of these objectives requires a well-organized infrastructureRead MoreU.s. Federal Department Of Homeland Security1245 Words à |à 5 PagesThe idea of the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security evolved into the biggest U.S. government reorganization in American history. Prior to the establish ment of the Department, Americans increasingly became concerned about terrorism on our soil. This concern was triggered by the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 as well as the discovery of a bomb at the Atlanta Olympics in 1994. Additionally, it became more apparent to the Americans that terrorismRead MoreU.s. Department Of Homeland Security1668 Words à |à 7 Pages1. Purpose Among one of the missions of The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is to protect and preserve the security of the Cyberspace in the country. The principal objective of this Security Plan is to give instructions and direction for the Departmentââ¬â¢s workers and help the Homeland Security to create best practices and strategies in the IT security system. 2. Scope This policy needs to be applied to all users, employees, contractors, suppliers and to all IT resources such as e-mails, filesRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1321 Words à |à 6 Pagesin its security. The result of the tragic events was the establishment of homeland security. The White House, the federal government and the Congress joined together to establish it. On September 20, 2001, President George W. Bush issued an executive order 13228 to establish an Office of Homeland Security within the White House and assigning the Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge as its Director (Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, 2013, p. 4). Ever since, the United States (U.S.) Department of Homeland rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-47948681414855436822020-05-06T13:35:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:35:05.391-07:00Advocacy Role paper Free Essays Advanced practice nurseââ¬â¢s are reimbursed at a lower rate for the same services than physicians by Medicare, Medicaid and other private insurance companies. American medical association sets our scope of practice and regulations and legislation is often influenced by these recommendations. Advanced practice nurses should be consider as equal members of the healthcare provider community and receive equal reimbursement. We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy Role paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now To make these changes one must develop a plan and advocate for the profession. Advanced practice nurses are reimbursed at a lower rate, for the same services, than physicians. Medicare reimburses nurse practitioners at 85%, certified nurse midwives at 65 %, and physician assistants at 85% or less of the physician fee. The exception to the reimbursement rate is called the ââ¬Å"incident toâ⬠. Medicare will reimburse at 100% if billed under a physician provider number. Medicaid pays 75-100% of the physician fee with the exception of some rural areas. Private insurance companies reimbursement to advanced practice nurses policies vary state to state. In an attempt to find ways to decrease cost, private insurance companies are beginning to follow Medicareââ¬â¢s reimbursement policies. For advanced practice nurses the reimbursement policies vary according to state, company, and licensure, and are not equitable to physician reimbursement. This issue is being buried by the American Medical Association. The Affordable care Act addressed the reimbursement of physicians but APN were not mentioned. 1997 budget act is the last legislation passed that addressed reimbursement for advanced practice nurses. This act decided that advanced practice nurses are entitled to reimbursement. The legislators in Tennessee at that time voted for or against the act. This issue has not been addressed since then which could say that this is not a priority for the state. It could be the increae cost related to increased reombursement that keeps them from pushing the issue. The affordable Care Act addressed Medicare reimbursement but did not adress APNââ¬â¢s specifically. The govener of Tennessee opted out of taking the money for the state. The federal govt. as to except the cost and reimburse at 100% this could have impacted advanced practice nurses in a positive way. As it stands This issue needs to be addressed with more impact especially after the affordable care and patient protection act. Nurse practitioners will be a solution of the problem and will want to be reimbursed according to care not license. Reimbursement of care provided by advanced practice nurses should equal physicians because t hey are providing the same service with equal or better outcomes. In a study done by Laurent, Herman, Reeves, Braspenning, ; Spinbald, ââ¬Å"The findings suggest that appropriately trained nurses can produce as high quality care as primary care doctors and achieve as good health outcomes for patients. â⬠Naylor and Kurtzman found that Nurse Practitioners ââ¬Å"out performed physicians in easures of consultation time, patient follow-up and patient satisfaction. ââ¬Å"(Naylor ; Kurtzman, 2010). A 2002 report to Congress by the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, however, was unable to tind reliable data to discern clear ditterences in the two groupsââ¬â¢ outcomes and expenses. How to cite Advocacy Role paper, Papers rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-17199335199561922072020-05-04T08:56:00.001-07:002020-05-04T08:56:02.703-07:00Love And Devotion Essay Research Paper Love free essay sample Love And Devotion Essay, Research Paper Love and Devotion Dan and Ann had been waiting for this clip of all time since they fell in love two old ages ago. They were traveling to hold a babe. The gestation had been a perfect one. Dan took really good attention of Ann and the babe for he was a devoted hubby, and had made Ann eat healthy and exercise really good. Everything had been great. One twenty-four hours Dan was half was through a meeting when he received a phone call from Ann. She told him that her H2O had merely broken and her contractions were already truly strong. He knew that he would non be able to acquire place on clip to take her to the infirmary, so he called 911 and have an ambulance sent to his house. Since he couldn? t be at that place for her, he stayed on the phone with her until she told him that the ambulance had arrived and so he raced to his auto. We will write a custom essay sample on Love And Devotion Essay Research Paper Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he arrived, he saw Ann being wheeled on a stretcher. He rushed to her side. Then nurses rapidly moved her up to the pregnancy ward and into her room so they could acquire her hooked up to the proctors to see how she and their babe was making. Once the nurses got her hooked up to the proctor, they noticed that the babe? s pulse was really weak. Dan kept inquiring them what was incorrect and they kept stating him that he would hold to wait for the physician to come. Ann kept shouting from the hurting and kept inquiring for something. The physician eventually came over and explained to them that their babe? s pulse was excessively weak to be delivered of course. He was traveling to hold to make an exigency C subdivision on her. Ann asked him if her babe was traveling to do it and he reassured her that they could hold their babe out every bit shortly as possible. As Ann was being rushed up to the operating room, she couldn? T aid but get down weeping. Her gestation had been so fantastic and she was ready to get down a new life with her kid and now this was go oning and she didn? Ts know why. Once they got her prepped, they allowed Dan to be by her side. The babe was holding a harder clip with each go throughing 2nd. Once the physician opened up Ann, he hurried and got the babe out. The nurses instantly took the babe over to another tabular array and started working on it. Dan was worried because he hadn? t heard the babe call yet, but the physician reassured him that the babe was traveling to be all right. Then he went off to look into the babe and came back in a few proceedingss with a really heavy expression. With a suspiration, he told Dan that their babe had merely died because he wasn? t a healthy one to get down with. Dan was about to conk and wanted to decease, but he couldn? T because of Ann. He knew how devastated Ann was traveling to be. So he decided to be strong and take good attention of Ann. He thanked God that at least Ann was safe. With heavy stairss, he went out of the exigency room. It was later that twenty-four hours when Ann had woken up from the surgery. She was peacefully lying on the bed non cognizing anything. He walked over to her and took her manus in his. She looked at him and smiled. He smiled back at her faintly and looked into her eyes really earnestly. She sensed that something was really incorrect so she asked him what the affair was. Keeping back the cryings hotfooting through his eyes, Dan told her what had happened. He told her that God had chosen to do their babe a guardian angel, merely as God had chosen them to happen one another and autumn in love. Ann let out a loud call and didn? t halt for T along clip. Dan merely held her close and allow her call in his weaponries. At last Samantha stopped and said, ? You did everything you could, Dan. You were a devoted male parent, loyal to the babe and me. Our babe is likely really thankful for what you have done for us. You have done all your responsibilities as hubby and male parent and I thank you for that. I love you, Dan? ? rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-68717385286797509282020-03-28T21:47:00.001-07:002020-03-28T21:47:02.563-07:00In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment free essay sample In a highly dynamic and turbulent environment, some mangers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances, whilst others have change thrust upon them. Therefore, it benefits all mangers to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the organization and its environment and react accordingly. Introduction The purpose of this article is to evaluate the statement above and discuss the skills a manager might need to be successful in a increasingly fast changing and growing complexity business environment. No matter what form of the organization that you work for, for example, a profit making company, a public sector bodies or voluntary charitable group. We all have been experiencing the impact of the environment that surrounding organization. Accordingly, studying the environment and managing the impact are essential to survive or gain competitive advantage. Changing School of Management Thought Before we talk about the environment, I would like to briefly exploring some of the major schools of management thought. We will write a custom essay sample on In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is important to know that not only the environment is changing rapidly, but also the way we see the world is shifting. Each of the schools of thought, in their day, represents the major paradigms and reflects the business environment surrounding them in their eras. These schools of thought are the ââ¬Ëparadigmsââ¬â¢ of management referred to by Clarke and Clegg in their book ââ¬Å"Changing Paradigms ââ¬â The Transformation of Management Knowledge for the 21st Century. â⬠(Clarke Clegg, 2000) . Since ââ¬Å"Clarke and Clegg define paradigms as models or frameworks that we use to help us perceive, perceive, understand and interpret the world around us. â⬠(R A Cowe BmiC Lec1, 2008). We can understand the change happens in business world by studying different schools of thoughts and paradigms in different time. Thus we can compare the complexity of nowadays environment with early year environment. The major schools of management that we need to recognize are Scientific Classical (administrative) Behavioral Systems and contingency approaches Scientific School views management as a science and belief that there is only ââ¬Ëone best wayââ¬â¢ to run a business, whilst mangers are able to identify and prescribe the one best way. Classical School seeks universal truth about management through specialization of work, unity of command, scalar chain of command and co-ordination of activities. Behavioral School emphasizes the ââ¬Ëpeople factorââ¬â¢ and it does not view people as machines. These three major foretime schools of management have certain command feature. They just emphasize one aspect of management only, like Scientific management focus on work, Classical management focus on organization structure and Behavioral management focus on people. They believe that there is only one best way to manage a business and only one single factor drive the change. This emphasis tends to ignore the ââ¬Ëenvironment factorââ¬â¢. These theories treat management as an internality rather than externality. According to their assumptions, environment seems to be a constant rather than a variable. We suggest that these foretime paradigms, in their time, have much more stable, predictable and parochial environment, therefore they do not see the problem of ignoring the ââ¬Ëenvironment factorsââ¬â¢. Nowaday environment, however, is no longer stable and predictable. The most recent school of management, System approach, implies that present day organization exist in highly dynamic and turbulent environment. Systems approach represents an organization as an Open System. They believe organization do not exit in isolation, on the contrary, organization exist within environment. We will detailedly discuss system approach and apply it for analysis of the environment in latter part of this article. Cause of Dynamic and Turbulent Nowadays, highly dynamic and turbulent environment was caused by such as globalization and appearance of internet. According to the Boston Consulting Group (Clarke Clegg, 2000) the following are the key ââ¬Å"drives of changeâ⬠: Change in economic structure The basis of competition The changing shape of business organization ââ¬Å"Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. â⬠( Bhagwati Jagdish, 2004). This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces referred to by Rowman Littlefield in their book ââ¬Å"Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity a Changing World. â⬠(2004) Globalization brings change in economic structure Impact on business: Deregulation and opening up of national economies. For example, accession of China to WTO. Challenges: Complex, fast-changing and unfamiliar competitive environment Globalization also brings change in the basis of competition Impact on business: Emergency of capabilities-based competition. For example, value/supply chain management. Challenges: Managing the relationship with global customers, supplier, and workforces, etc. Globalization change the shape of business organization Impact on business: Growth in flexible working arrangements. Challenges: Leading an organization of quite different design Globalization bring a new manner of doing business, since globality offer much opportunity and competitive to our business environment. You can join economic and technological forces with anybody in anywhere. This gives us a continued growth impact, whilst an uncertain and competitive impact. Take my ompany as an example. I work for a fabric manufacture company, Calen, which is based in Hong Kong having mills in mainland China and ship our product, fabric, to Jordan and Cambodia to produce garment selling to USA. We not only compete with Hong Kong rival, but also Vietnam, Turkey and any knitting company in the world. We also have to manage the relationships with suppliers wh o come from India and Pakistan. Under this highly dynamic and turbulent environment, in order to sustain growth and remain competitive we need our managers or organization to be proactive and actively seek opportunity and avoid risk. Nature and Characteristics of Environment Some mangers of organizations try to manage their organization/environment relationship. However, ââ¬Å"The major issue for management in this respect is whether or not the environment is an unmanageable phenomenonâ⬠¦.. because of the nature, complexity and uncertainty which exists out there it is impossible to comprehend the organization/environmental relationship. If it is impossible to understand it is impossible to manage. â⬠(David Hawley, 2008). If we want to manage the environment it is worth to have a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment. There are many definitions of the organizational external environment, .. all factors, EXTERNAL to the organization, a change in which may produce a change in the state of the Organization. â⬠(Ackoff Emery, 1972, Thompson, 1968) Or as Von Bertalanffy (1968) suggests when considering the organization/environmental relationship, it might be viewed as: .. a living organism (The Organization), which interacts with its environment. â⬠These definitions show there is interaction between organization and environment. We cannot isolate organization from its environment. Emery Trist (1969) suggested that certain types of environment contain certain characteristics: Placid Random (static) Placid Clustered (static) Disturbed Reactive (dynamic) Turbulent (dynamic) Placid Random ââ¬â low degree of movement (change) and little connectedness (linkage); impose least threat to the organization; simple decision making and problem solving techniques required. Placid Clustered ââ¬â similar to placid random, but environmental factors comes in cluster, e. g. suppliers or distributors; more multi-lateral dealing required by the organization to cope with them all; cannot take the environment as a given. Disturbed Reactive ââ¬â relationship much more comple; fate of organization inextricably linked with factors in the environment; more uncertainty in the organization environment relationship; requires a response from the organization. Turbulent ââ¬â high degree and rate of change in environment may be beyond the organizationââ¬â¢s capacity to predict, major changes which appear remote, but are significant. Some managers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances. According to the complexity and uncertainty of the environment, it is impossible to completely perceive every circumstance surrounding origination. Therefore there must be some circumstances remains unknown to managers. We here distinguish circumstances as ââ¬Ëknownââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëunknownââ¬â¢, the unknown circumstances such as the First Order Environment and the known circumstances such as Second Order Environment. We are going to introduce First/Second Order Environment in the following. Organizations are affected by elements of the external business environment: First Order Environment Second Order Environment Social; Owners Political Employees Economic Competitiors Legal Banks Technical Customers Suppliers Other Stakeholders First order environment is the outer layer that widely dispersed and affects organizations indirectly. It is very hard to predict indirect impact of first order environment on organizations. These elements do not directly change day-to-day operations, but they will affect all organizations eventually. Second order environment is closer to the organization and includes sector that conduct day-to-day transactions with organization and directly influence. It is easy to predict direct impact of these elements on organizations. It is basic operations and performance. In the figure showed below, organizations exist within second order environment, whilst second order environment exist within first order environment. Fig 1. adapted from David Hawley, Napier University, Business and Management in Context, lec 2 p. 8 Analyze Environment Having a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment is not enough for managers to plan their change strategy. rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-5871663795222392412020-03-07T05:26:00.001-08:002020-03-07T05:26:03.668-08:00Cost AccountingCost Accounting Today, as the business world becomes more complicated than the past, many internal accounting managers face with challenging situations. And situation like Kranbraek Corporation makes an internal accounting manager a hard decision between his professional ethics and accepting orders from his or her boss. What really matters is that this is violation of the professional codes of ethics, and it is going to end up with the collapse of the company.Cellant, who is the president of Kranbraik Corporation, has ordered the companyà ¡Ã ¯s controller to scrutinize all costs that are currently classified as period cost and reclassify as many as possible as product costs. It is meant to convert fixed costs to variable one so that fixed cost that should be incurred this year can be portioned to next year. It sounds clever to debit selling expenses as cost of goods sold which is going to be charged over the next year when the sales amounts are quite high.Professional Ethics (journal)However, the cost of goods sold next year are going to be higher than actual cost of goods sold, then the other aspects of the situation are going to cause the controller to cook the accounting books in other places. Reclassifying period costs to product costs will eventually and consecutively cause more problems later on. Moreover, professional auditors will doubt why Kranbrack Corporation cutbacks period costs, and they will eventually find out that the company deceived stakeholders to look fabulous to potential investors by showing impressive earning per share. Finally, the later story implies an fatal disaster.Whether actual sales accounts donà ¡Ã ¯t exceed the planned amounts, it is proper to cut back discretionary fixed costs like advertising and travel. However, nobody knows how adversely cutting back advertising expense affect is invisible and tremendous. Thus, the controller should not disregard the... rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-87948396907812769302020-02-19T20:51:00.001-08:002020-02-19T20:51:03.036-08:00Challenges That New Media Poses To the Cinema Industry EssayChallenges That New Media Poses To the Cinema Industry - Essay Example Modern movie theatres today are perceived as big enclosed buildings with excellent sound effects, comfortable seats, dimmed lights and a big wide screen where the latest international and local movies or films are shown. Movie theatres compared to the televisions are owned by corporations and visited by the general public while televisions are owned by individuals. The film is actually projected with a movie projector onto a large white screen infront of the auditorium. It is connoted as a "big screen" which contrasts the small screens of television to put a thrill and play with a person's imagination when it comes to movie watching. According to a 24 year old movie watcher, movie theatres add more thrill with the use of a larger than life images and loud sound effects. Movie theatres are very popular. Long before television was made known in the 1950's, the first movie theatre which is exclusively showing motion pictures was launch in 1896. Non-commercial television is a system of broadcasting that is financed by means other than advertising revenues. (Paul Mareth) Today however, through the evolution of technology, hi-tech gadgets were being invented. Television is not only used to watch TV shows aired by television programmers and cable/satellites. With the existence of video tapes or video home system (VHS), CD's (compact disk), VCD's (Video Compact disk) and DVD's (Digital Video disk), and the innovation of wide flat screened television sets, it now provides a homely theatre for home entertainment. AIMS To discuss the contribution of the distribution of DVD in peoples lifestyle as a result of home entertainment To know the positive and negative effects of DVD distribution to the cinema industry Film Distribution Since the late 1970's, there has been a radical change in both film content and the distribution of the film product. (Gerald Mast) While more and more people subscribe cable or satellite connections, film industries has come to depend more and more on television rather than theatres. The President of Paradigm, Peter Broderick says "I don't recommend that filmmakers go it alone and try and reinvent the wheel. But I also don't recommend that they just blindly go into making overall deals assuming that all their problems will be solved by this one company, whatever it may be". (Rebort) A film doesn't have to be seen only in theatres with the existence of televisions and the evolution of film distribution. Acknowledging the threat of the growing number of couch potatoes, film doesn't need to be distributed through cinemas alone but also go with the fast flow of digital innovation. Eventually films had been distributed, designed or converted to cater TV viewing, since the early 80's. VC R equipments and video tapes had been popular and widely distributed and so do CD's and DVD's in today's era. However, DVD's won't be around forever. There is this so called "format war" that keeps on rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-87224464739434000312020-02-04T12:46:00.001-08:002020-02-04T12:46:03.221-08:00Poverty and Pollution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsPoverty and Pollution - Case Study Example In this case, ethical implications lies in the fact that businesses are using the third world countries for their own financial gain, at the expense of the people and environment of the host third world country. However, ethics dictate that any successful business should work within the existing framework of regulations for the benefit of all parties involved, which includes environment and local people. Furthermore, businesses that cause pollution only cater after their own interests and leave people to suffer the consequences of pollution. Moreover, strict ethical laws and regulations in the third world countries business sector has considerable impact relating to financial gains emanating from the said businesses due to the costs affiliated. This is because a country is not willing to let go of the revenue, hence, native people are left suffering the consequences of environmental exploitation and pollution in the quest for wealth. In addition, some of the mother countries of these businesses polluting the environment tend to be powerful and include handsome packages to the third-world governments, which are in return for unregulated exploitation of resources without limitations and liabilities. In addition, businesses operating in third world countries have a number of grounds to disregard pollution standards. One of the reasons leading to this problem would be weak regulations governing pollution menace in the developing countries. These weak guidelines facilitate businesses to disregard the law because little can be done to penalize them for their unethical acts. Thus, there is little to be lost by the said company as compared to countries with strict environmental pollution laws. Moreover, laws play a crucial role in the response of environmental agencies responsible for tackling these environmental issues. This is because weak laws do not foster law enforcement, thus, low motivation and increased pollution crimes in third world countries (Amnesty Interna tional, 2009). Corruption cannot to be left behind, as it is a critical aspect, this is in terms of regulation; where those charged with responsibility receive bribes from companies to allow pollution blatantly (ââ¬Å"New A.T. Kearney...â⬠, 2000). In addition, the issue of penalties leads to total disregard for standards of pollution control. This is in terms of leniency and harshness while punishing violators of these standards as they set examples to be emulated and followed. In this regard, companies that are leniently penalized have a possibility of repeating the same offence, as the income is much higher than the penalty. Besides, it could be cheaper to pay the penalty than follow the set guidelines. As a result, businesses may opt for the cheapest way out by maximizing their profits at the expense of conserving the environment. Pollution, economic growth and development all have a close relationship with each other since according to common belief, pollution is the price of progress, and that the cost of development is almost directly proportional to the resultant pollution in terms of industrial waste and pollutant material. This is evident in the case of china that doubled its Gross Domestic Product by over five times, and the results are a sharp rise environmental pollution, ecological destruction and increased carbon dioxide emissions (ZhiDong, rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-3507215795444741022020-01-27T09:10:00.001-08:002020-01-27T09:10:04.751-08:00Production of Hydrophobic Bioplastics using Silicon DioxideProduction of Hydrophobic Bioplastics using Silicon Dioxide ABSTRACT Silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica, is a chemical compound that comes in different forms and has a variety of uses. One form is silica gel, which is used as a desiccant in shoe boxes and bags to prevent rupturing, and to prevent molds in food products. Silica is the main material in our project because it has water-repelling properties and our group planned to create hydrophobic bioplastics with these properties. The purpose of this study is to benefit people in many ways. One way is the protection for electronic gadgets from water. Another method is to speed up the cleaning of food containers. With the hydrophobic properties of our plastic, water has less contact with it making washing containers easier. To test our plastics we produced for hydrophobic properties (or wetability), we used a testing method known as the drop contact method. Twelve pieces of 2cm x 2cm plastic samples were prepared ââ¬â with 3 pieces per concentration. A graduated dropper was used to drop 1mL of water on each plastic sample over a dish. The amount of water on the dish shows how much water each plastic sample repels. Our results show that as the concentration of the silicon dioxide increases, the water repelled decreases. à à à Background of the Study: SiO2 is a substance used to produce modern plastics. The group came up with an idea of making use of the said substance to produce hydrophobic plastics which could be a big help in latest technology and practical activities in our daily lives. Through this, we could also expand the capability of the silicon dioxide which may be used also in different ways. Research Hypothesis: If silicon dioxide is added as a material in the production of plastics, then a more hydrophobic plastic will be produced. Objectives of the Study General Objective: This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of silicon dioxide in producing hydrophobic plastics. Specific Objectives: Produce an inexpensive and durable hydrophobic bioplastic material. Test the hydrophobicity of the bioplastic produced using the drop contact testing method. Significance of the Study The researchers chose the topic because of the advantages that could be given to us people not only in our homes but on other fields of industries by the product. Plastics are widely used all over the world; it is the main reason why the researchers would like to introduce new technology in the form of hydrophobic plastics. If the project would be successful, hydrophobic plastics would be a big help in cleaning surfaces of plastics. For instances, dusts on plastics could be easily washed away by pouring water into the surface of the plastic. Hydrophobic plastics could also be alternative casings to our gadgets and appliances. It could protect our modern technologies from water penetration. It would also bring advantages in storing food products in the refrigerator like meats and fishes. The product will also be a good container for soaps, toothbrushes, plates and other household materials. Scope and Limitations The research shall only focus in the ability of plastic to repel water. Other characteristics of a plastic shall be maintained. In the production of the plastic, silicon dioxide will be the only addition to the regular raw materials of the process. Review of Related Literature Repellant Plastics GE accomplished this by modifying a material thatââ¬â¢s a mainstay of its plastics business. And they took their inspiration from the leaves of the lotus plant, which is naturally super hydrophobic; microscopic inspection of lotus leaves reveals their nanocrystalline wax structure. The lotus leaf surface has cells 5-10 micrometers wide, on top of which are tiny wax crystals that are tens of nanometers wide. On a lotus leaf, water beads look almost like perfect spheres. GE set out to mimic this pattern on the surface of its polycarbonate material, essentially by ââ¬Å"rougheningâ⬠the surface in a specific way. Tao Deng, materials scientist at GE, is tight-lipped about the process, but says it was done with a ââ¬Å"chemical treatment of the surface.â⬠GE succeeded with its prototype last summer, but only began discussing the advance in recent weeks. One of the significant downsides is that the process leaves the plastic opaque, not transparent. That means it would not work for plastic windows or clear food containers. But a clear version is not far off. ââ¬Å"Thatââ¬â¢s coming,â⬠Deng says. Even getting the opaque versions into real products will take some time. GE estimates it will be at least five years before commercialization, once the manufacturing issues are resolved. Five years isnââ¬â¢t that much time, though ââ¬â about how long it takes for all the ketchup to drip out of todayââ¬â¢s plastic bottles. Hydrophobic Glasses BalcoNano stated that there are two categories of what is known in the market as ââ¬Å"self-cleaningâ⬠glass. These two categories are: glass coated or applied with hydrophilic layer that uses photo catalytic decomposition, and glass coated or applied with a hydrophobic protective coating. The microscopically rough surface of glass is what makes it hard to clean. Dirt, bacteria and other particles can get deep into the glasses that it cannot be removed with any cleaning material. To solve this problem, we can make the surface of the glass very water repelling or hydrophobic. Applying a hydrophobic coating to the glass gives it a sort of shield. Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to the surface created by the hydrophobic coating. This form of glass works in a similar way to Teflon works on a frying pan. It produces a non-stick surface and water will run off of this surface quickly and not streak. The coating or applications of this type are silica based and create a nano-scale film that covers the microscopic valleys and peaks on the surface of glass. This type of self-clean coating prevents the contamination, dirt and grime from clinging onto the glass or fixing to the surface. There are advantages and disadvantages of hydrophobic coated glass. An advantage is that everything that gets put on the glass can be easily removed with water. Dirt, graffiti, and paint can get washed off with just a splash or two. A disadvantage is that coatings may differ from manufacturer to manufacturer, and that application is not easy. Factory applied coatings, depending on the exact product, have a life span of 3 to 10 years in external conditions. Cost wise the hydrophobic coatings and applications are usually about half the cost of the hydrophilic type glasses. Many industries and manufacturers commonly use silica powders alone or in combination with other ingredients. The mineral has moisture absorbing and thickening properties. These characteristics make silica useful in construction materials, cosmetics, and some foods. Silica is one of the most common minerals on the planet. It is a component of sand and quartz along with other minerals. Manufacturers obtain natural silica by mining and grind the substance into granules or fine powders. Some companies make synthetic silica, but both types commonly start with silica sand. Both natural and synthetic silica powders are frequently found in non-food products. Microscopic diatoms, which are hard-shelled skeletal remains of single celled plants, also contain silicon dioxide. These remains exist in salt and fresh water beds. These types of silica are frequently referred to as amorphous silica. They are frequently ground into granules or a fine powder, sometimes called silica flour. Diatomaceous earth silica may be used in food or non-food products. Quartz powders or glass powders are silica sand heated to extreme temperatures and melted. Artisans and manufacturers mold and shape the molten material. When cooled, the substance becomes glass. Paints, plastics, polyvinyl chloride glue, and corrosive resistant coatings all contain silica powders. In some of these products, the silica acts as a thickening or hardening agent. Some cleansers and detergents contain silica powders. The granulated mineral scrubs surfaces by means of mechanical abrasion. Silica detergents might be used for washing clothes, dishes, or be found in general powdered cleaners. Abrasive action is also desired in some toothpastes, which contain diatomaceous earth silica as one of the ingredients. When used in hand cleaners, the abrasive nature of silica may cause rashes or other skin irritations. Silica cosmetics contain the silky translucent powder to absorb skin oils. The mineral is thought to be hypoallergenic and some believe the substance reduces the visibility of facial lines and wrinkles. Consumers may purchase silica powders and add the substance to lawns or soil to increase moisture retention. Some believe the powdered form also deters or eliminates insect pests, though inhaling the product may lead to serious lung inflammation or possibly cancer. Food and pharmaceutical industries commonly use silica powders for the mineralââ¬â¢s ability to absorb up to 50% of its weight in moisture. Food grade, or the diatomaceous earth form of silica powders, is commonly used as an anti-caking agent in coffee creamers, powdered foods, and seasonings. The self-contained gel packs frequently found in medications and over-the-counter supplement bottles usually contain some form of silica. Bioplastics Bioplastic isnotmade from petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource. Bioplastics come fromsustainable renewable resources. Corn regrows in a year. They arenon- toxic:no harmful toxins will leak into the food compostable. Best case scenario it ends in a commercial compost facility where it composts, and is used to feed the soil and grow more plants. Biodegradable Bioplastic takes longer to biodegrade in home composts, where conditions are uncontrolled and are rarely optimal. If it does end up in a landfill it will biodegrade if it is exposed to bacteria, moisture and heat. There are different biodegradable plastics available, each with their own properties: PLA is made from fermented corn starch, and is a great alternative to conventional petroleum based plastic in many applications. PLA is transparent and heat sensitive to 40 C. Itââ¬â¢s used on its own, or as a thin sheet over bagasse or cardboard to act as a moisture or grease barrier. It is used to make ourà bags, bowls,à cupsandà lids. CPLA is a combination of PLA, chalk and other biodegradable additives and can withstand temperatures of up to 95à °C without deforming. It is usually opaque in colour and is used for making our disposableà cutleryà andà coffee cup lids. Definition of Terms For this research study, one must know and understand the following terms: Plastics are one of class of organic compounds made from hydrocarbons, proteins, cellulose, or resins that can be molded, extruded, cast, or otherwise fabricated into various shapes. In this study, we use bioplastics which are just plastics developed from cornstarch. Hydrophobicity is a characteristic of a material to repel water. Drop contact is a testing method to determine the hydrophobicity of the material. It is done by dropping a constant amount of water on a sample material over a dish. The amount of water on the dish shows how much water the sample repels. METHODOLOGY Procedure Preparation of materials The researchers prepared the various raw materials that make up the bioplastic: powdered silica, starch, vinegar, glycerin and water. Three different 7 cm x 7cm x 1 cm containers were also prepared and were labeled A, B and C. The materials and then placed in different containers, grouped as: ââ¬ËAââ¬â¢ for 0% concentration, ââ¬ËBââ¬â¢ for 1% concentration, ââ¬ËCââ¬â¢ for 2% concentration, and ââ¬ËDââ¬â¢ for 3% concentration.[Sir Jay1] à à Production of the Plastic The materials mentioned above are mixed then heated until the mixture boils and creates a clear substance. After heating, the mixture is placed on a flat surface depending on the desired thickness. The mixture was set aside to dry until it produced a durable plastic. For the constant group; the researchers mixed 48g of cornstarch, 314ml of water, 8ml of vinegar, and another 8ml of glycerin. Thus 330 ml of mixture is produced which is divided into three making it 110 ml for each plastic sample. For 1% concentration; 3.3 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 6.3g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 1% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. For 2% concentration; 6.6 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 12.6g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 2% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. For 3% concentration; 9.9 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 18.9g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 3% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. Testing and Data Gathering The produced plastic is tested on its hydrophobic properties by comparing the amount of water repelled by each of the concentrations (using the drop contact testing method). The dimensions of the sample material for each concentration that we used are 2 cm by 2 cm. The statistical test we have selected for this study is one-way ANOVA with Tukeyââ¬â¢s multiple comparisons test. Analysis If the silica-concentrated group shows a noteworthy distinction to the control, we can conclude that SiO2 is effective in making hydrophobic plastic. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TABLE 1 Amount of water repelled by the produced bioplastics with different silica concentrations Reflected in Table 1 the evidence showing variability in the amount of water repelled by the plastics produced using different concentrations of silica. The minimum mean (0.63 mL) is in the control and the maximum (0.78 mL) is shared 2% and 3% concentration. FIGURE 1 Line graph showing the correlation between the values of the amount of water repelled Then, the researchers tested the data obtained using one-way ANOVA with Tukeyââ¬â¢s multiple comparisons test to see if there is a significant difference among the control and independent variables. According to the results of the test, there is a very significant difference (0.0002) on 0% vs 1% and extremely significant differences on 0% vs 2% and 0% vs 3%. However, the 1%, 2% and 3% concentrations show no significant differences when compared with each other. Furthermore, there is positive correlation (0.9012). CONCLUSION The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of silicon dioxide (SiO2) powder to the production of hydrophobic bioplastics. According to the results of our experiment, adding silicon dioxide to the contents of a bioplastic evidently makes it more hydrophobic. However, varying the concentration does not affect the hydrophobicity of the plastic. RECOMMENDATION The research group recommends adding more variations to the concentrations to give a better comparison of the experiment. Adding more trials to each concentration is also recommended to make the results more accurate. Also, using Tapioca starch is a great alternative for making the bioplastic. Remember to make the right calculations for the concentrations. Maintain the same shape, area, and weight for all trials of the plastic so that the comparison is accurate. à BIBLIOGRAPHY BalcoNanoâ⠢. (n.d.). Hydrophobic Glasses. Retrieved from BalcoNano: http://www.balconano.com/HydrophobicGlass.aspx Craig Freudenrich, P. (n.d.). How Plastics Work. Retrieved from Howstuffworks: http://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic5.htm Hall, M. J., Barwick, S. (2013, April 10). What Are the Different Uses of Silica Powders? Retrieved from wiseGEEK: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-uses-of-silica-powders.htm Mempro Materials. (n.d.). Silicon Dioxide Nanofiber Materials. Retrieved from Mempro: http://mempro.com/products/ceramic-nanofiber-materials/silicon-dioxide-nanofiber-material/ Rice University News Release. (2010, September 1). Silicon oxide circuits break barrier. Retrieved from Understanding Nano: http://www.understandingnano.com/silicon-oxide-nanowire-memory.html Talbot, D. (2006, February 23). Super-Repellent Plastic. Retrieved from MIT Technology Review: http://www.technologyreview.com/news/405378/super-repellent-plastic/ http://www.greenhome.co.za/raw-materials/plant-starch/ APPENDICES Appendix A Total Cost of the Project Total project cost: à ¢Ã ±Ã £ 863.00 APPENDIX B Ordinary One-Way ANOVA (at à ± = 0.05) APPENDIX C Tukeyââ¬â¢s Multiple Comparisons (at à ± = 0.05) à 1 [Sir Jay1]revise rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-14737190759048731722020-01-19T05:34:00.001-08:002020-01-19T05:34:05.121-08:00Philosophy Essay on Self EssayI certify that this literature review is my own work and contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any institute, college or university. Moreover, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the dissertation. Name Signed _________________________________________________ Date ___________________________________________________ The most fundamental of the questions man asks himself in his lifetime are, ââ¬Å"what/who am I ? ââ¬Å"and ââ¬Å"what is my purpose? â⬠The curiosity over this issue of ââ¬Ëthe selfââ¬â¢ has spanned human thought for millennia rooting from societal notion that ââ¬Å"life cannot be just bricks and cementâ⬠. Due to the inherent nature of these fundamental curiosities mankind has struggled from ancient times to uncover these mysteries. In the western-context, this brief essay will try to explore the dimensions of the ââ¬Å"essence of selfâ⬠ranging from medieval to the modern conception of self. It will review the theories of self starting with Aristotelian science and Christian doctrines and their eventual marriage by St. Thomas Acquinasââ¬â¢ moral theory. In effect, it then explores critical viewpoints and traces the development of Scientific Rationalization. Progressively, it debates Rene Descartesââ¬â¢ rationalist views shaping his dualistic conception of the self. Furthermore, it poses the contrasting empiricist views of John Locke where he places self-consciousness and memory as the variables to comprehend self. In addition, it contests David Humeââ¬â¢s proclamation of the self as fiction (Robinson, H. , 2012). The theories of self and identity gradually developed over a historical timeline resulting in modern thought on the subject. In this regard, it is important to understand its development initiation from religious conception in the west. Curiosity on these issues can be traced back to accounts of Aristotle, where he is of the view that everything in nature has a purpose and everything can be rationalized based on its intent and the purpose it served (Greetham, B. 2006, p. 213). This is referred to as the ââ¬Ëteleologicalââ¬â¢ view, which contributed to the formation of medieval world view formed by Christian dogma and the Catholic church (Cavalier, G. ,1989). This Christian conception viewed the world as being Godââ¬â¢s creation and expression of his will which was cosmologically meaningful and structured. The purpose of things under this theology is God given and is a part of the ââ¬Ëgrand planââ¬â¢ (Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy). This categorises the medieval belief of self, where humans have a certain place and purpose and the self is understood in terms of the role it plays in the grand plan of things. The medieval Christian conception of self was greatly inspired by the work of 13th century theologian St. Thomas Acquinas. In his opus he bridged the gap between faith and reason by linking Christian dogma and Aristotelian thought (Oââ¬â¢Callaghan, R. , 2010). In essence, he lived in a crucial juncture of western culture when the Latin translation of Aristotelian corpus was made available which in effect reignited the debate on relating faith and reason. His theories borrowed from Aristotle and Christian dogma and ethics which were consistently reaffirmed by the church over the centuries (auquinas from stanford). The aforementioned medieval religious conception of self forms the basis Acquinasââ¬â¢ ethical premise on how we ought to act (Greetham, B., 2006). Right and wrong actions based on their compliance with human nature and its place ââ¬Å"God-given natural orderâ⬠, categorized as natural or unnatural. Hence, the self bounded and confined to serving a purpose. However, this religious world-view came under intense criticism with the advent of scientific advancement and rationality in the 16th and 17th centuries. Scientific thinking developed under the likes of Descartes and Locke and was reasoned based on the accomplishments of Galileo and Newton(Zalta, E. , 2011). They disregarded the place of divine-will in their conception of self, basing it on mere experience, empirical evidence and mathematical formulations. This shift of conception is termed ââ¬Ëdemythologizationââ¬â¢, where everything works without a purpose and results from mechanical interaction of particles regulated by universal laws which can be mathematically formulated (Greetham, B. , 2006). Consequently, began the search of the self by looking within for purpose and meaning. The modern view of self is articulated in the works of 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes. He pioneered the dualistic understanding of the human being, which is made up of the ââ¬Å"mental substance (mind) and the physical substance (body)â⬠(Warburton, N. , 1992). Here, the body has physical properties like having weight and using space, whereas the mind is a non-material substance, responsible for thought and experience and hence is the abode of consciousness. In his view, the self is a spiritual ââ¬Å"subject of experienceâ⬠which is fundamentally different from the body and nature, where the body inessential and the mind can exist independently. His radical scepticism led to the formation of the ââ¬Å"Illusion argumentâ⬠, where the bodily senses are deemed unreliable and thus the existence of the external world and body is uncertain. The only thing one can be certain of is that ââ¬ËI existââ¬â¢. This is categorized under his famous proclamation -ââ¬Å"Cogito ergo sumâ⬠, meaning ââ¬Å"I think, therefore I amâ⬠(Cavalier, G. , 1989). In essence, ââ¬Å"the self is essentially mentalâ⬠and the search for purpose and meaning should be searched within ourselves instead of classifying it under totality of nature. In his endeavours, Descartes used the ââ¬Å"rationalist approachâ⬠to knowledge, which solely relies on logic and scepticism . In contrast, his contemporary, English philosopher John Locke relies on the ââ¬Å"empiricist approachâ⬠, where knowledge is acquired by the means of watchfulness and experience. His theology of self underlines the role of reason, consciousness and self-consciousness. As for Locke, he sees self-consciousness as a inseparable element in the conduct of any conscious action, like thinking and observing. The perception of the world by the senses, awareness of personal identity, actions performed and its retention (memory) over time is what constitutes self-consciousness (Robinson, H. , 2012). Personal identity here is quintessentially the self, in which memory is decisive variable as the consciousness of past actions is critical to being the same person; and selfhood is reliant on the consciousness and not the body. For instance, if a person has memories from a past life as Salvador Dali, then he is the same person in the current life with a different body. These arguments however appear ambiguous upon correlation with Descartesââ¬â¢ accounts. However, Lockeââ¬â¢s accounts differ where cites that it is not necessary that thinking, observation etc. to be the products of a non-material substance and leaves a prospect open that they could be of material origin. The self, Locke argues, is resultant from ââ¬Å"continuity of consciousnessâ⬠and not a ââ¬Ësubstanceââ¬â¢ as proposed by Descartes (Greetham, B. , 2006). Then again, there is a fallacy in these arguments; if the self is continuity of consciousness and memory retention then without the memory of past actions accountability for the actions is cannot be held (Cavalier, g., 1989). For instance, it could be hypothesized in Lockeââ¬â¢s view, that a person who committed murder as a child, who grew up to become a doctor and then as an old man he cannot remember his crime as a child, hence in effect, he cannot be held responsible for the murder. Eighteenth century philosopher David Hume continued in the empirical approach, maintaining that authentic knowledge is solely acquired on the basis of direct experience (Robinson H. , 2012). He borrows from Locke, however, he reaches drastic conception where he conceives the self as fiction. Thereafter, he entirely disregards the ââ¬Å"substance view of the mindâ⬠. He bases his conception strictly on experience or ââ¬Ëperceptionââ¬â¢ and maintains that the existential claim for the inner substance should be discoverable by experience (Greetham, B. , 2006). Through his experience, Hume, found no such substance but instead only a variety of perceptions where there is no identity or self binding them. Academics refer to this view as the ââ¬Å"bundle theory of substanceâ⬠, where different perceptions are in eternal flux (Robinson H. , 2012). However, Hume fails to identify a unifyingà factor and puts forth a vague understanding of the mind just being a bundle of perceptions. Consequently, the Cartesian theory of self gained an upper hand as it offers the unifying substance of mind in the conception of the self (Greetham, B. , 2006). The aforementioned theories of self significantly influence the post-modern conception of the self, as the subject has a tendency to develop over time (Cahoone, L. , 2003). These western theories have borrowed from Eastern conceptions of self, which indicates ancient interaction between the west and the east. (Cavalier, G. , 1989). In the contemporary world, the twentieth century has been the fore-bringer of brisk industrialization in the western world, begetting fast-paced consumer societies, where the people have little or no time for personal fulfilment (Cahoone, L. 2003). This along with advent of cultural pluralism, scientific rationalization and secularization of notions of religion has led to burgeoning interest in the conception of self (Olsen and Timothy, 2006, p. 139). On a personal basis, the theories of self explored here provided a clearer picture on the gradual development of understanding of self with a historical context and an insight into how these theories have shaped post-modern notions on the same (Collinson, P. et al, 2000). Descartesââ¬â¢ accounts and his emphasis on the soul substance worked as a bride between my eastern thought origin and modern western conception on the subject. However, Lockeââ¬â¢s and Humeââ¬â¢s empirical approach and their emphasis on discovering self through experience is also profound to my conception of self. Their conclusions however appeared radical and absurd especially in the case of Hume where proclaims the self as being fictional. References: Cahoone, L. (2003). From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Carlton: Blackwell. Cavalier, G. &. (1989). Ethics in the History of Western Philosophy. New York: St. Martinââ¬â¢s Press. Collinson, P. &. (2000). Fifty Eastern Tihnkers. London: Routledge. Greetham, B. (2006). Philosophy. Norwich: Palgrave Macmillan. Jamal, T. a. (2009). The Sage Handbook of Tourism Studies. London: Sage. Oââ¬â¢Callaghan, R. et al. (2010, December 21). Saint Thomas Aquinas. Retrieved May 1, 2012, from http://plato. stanford. edu/: Olsen, D. H. and Timothy, D. J. (2006). Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys. Oxford: Routledge. Robinson, H. (2012, Demember 21). Dualism. Retrieved May 1, 2012, from http://plato. stanford. edu/: Warburton, N. (1992). Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. Zalta, E. (2011, September 21). Aquinasââ¬â¢ Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from www. http://plato. stanford. edu/: . rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-37921488342837880612020-01-11T01:58:00.001-08:002020-01-11T01:58:03.255-08:00Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)There are people all over the United States who are required to share their personal information with physicians and other medical professionals. Fortunately the health care environment guarantees patient confidentiality for all of their sensitive and health-related information. There are several acts that the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have developed in order to ensure all patients are given the proper medical confidentially that they deserve. One specific act is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).This act required HHS to develop regulations that would protect the privacy and security of certain health information. In the end two separate rules were published: Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information and The Security Standards for the Protection of Electronic Protected Health Information. HIPAA is an important aspect of health care especially-when it comes to the safety of all patients (Andrews, 2010). Due to the strict privacy and security acts of this program, the consequences are extremely severe.One of the more important rules of HIPAA is the privacy rule, which ââ¬Å"establishes national standards to protect individualsââ¬â¢ medical records and other personal health informationâ⬠(Summary of The HIPAA Privacy Rule 2003). This aspect also applies to several health plans, health care clearinghouses, and other health care providers that perform electronic health care transactions. Due to the privacy rule, without proper patient authorization there are serious limits and safeguards that prevent anyone from sharing a patientââ¬â¢s medical information.Another crucial part of this rule is the fact that patients have the legal right to review and examine their health records, as well the authority to request any corrections they see necessary to repair. This becomes important when a patient finds incorrect information on their file that any of the medica l staff failed to recognize such as birthdate or a blood type. Having a patient review their file is a common way that mistakes are corrected. In order to protect and enforce the privacy of patient medical records, there are several comprehensive programs that are required through clinical information systems.There are three main clinical systems that were created to protect a patientââ¬â¢s privacy of their medical records. The first system-called patient care systems-ââ¬Å"stores information about a patientââ¬â¢s medical history, diagnoses, and treatment plansâ⬠(Glandon & Smaltz, 2008). The organizations that choose to provide this care are also responsible for making sure that each patientââ¬â¢s medical information is available only to those who are authorized to view it. Another clinical system is called Public health information systems.These systems are in charge of supporting disease prevention and surveillance programs. Protecting public health is not a simple task; it requires knowing how to properly add and store health-related information about each individual. Without this system, any sort of leakage of sensitive information could lead to discrimination in employment or insurance eligibility. The final clinical information system, which is referred to as the medical research information system, is responsible for studying patterns of certain diseases in specific populations by using patient records.This act of studying common patterns is a way to prevent the reoccurrence of any fatal diseases and protect the health of others. Due to the fact that most of a patientsââ¬â¢ data is accessible to many investigators, it is important that information security measures are taken to provide the necessary privacy. In order to establish this aspect of HIPAA, it is important for health care companies to appoint the responsibilities of enforcing the guidelines of HIPAA to the proper unit of the health care department. Some companies rely on co mpliance or specific privacy offices to ensure these obligations (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008).The fear of having no privacy can lead to individuals avoiding treatments or clinical tests because they feel their medical records are not protected properly. This fear puts the health of others in danger and can lead to bigger and more dangerous issues in the future. The other important aspect of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is the security rule, which ââ¬Å"focuses on administrative, technical and physical safeguards specifically as they relate to electronic protected health informationâ⬠(Yale University, 2013).With such critical information being stored electronically the security rule is also responsible for protecting the system against any sort of failure, including external tragic events that could take place randomly such as a fire or a power outage. These crucial files are usually copied to a removable disk to ensure that all files will not be lost. T his type of information can be stored in computer hard drives, memory cards, any kind of removable digital memory media or all transmission media that can be used to exchange information such as the internet (HIPAA, 2013).Preventing unauthorized viewing of electronic protected health information (ePHI) can become difficult due to the variety of ways information is stored. Overall the major goal of the Security rule is allow the development of new technologies that will help to improve the quality of care as well as protect all the sensitive health information that is shared and documented (Summary of The HIPAA Security Rule 2003). There are several measures that must be taken in order to secure all the different types of medical information.A proper security policy should include the three following elements: physical security, technical controls over access, and management policies (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008). These elements should be known by all staff and enforced by management. Whe n it comes to the proper amount of physical security there is no such thing as having too little or too much. The most common forms of physical security include hardware and data file security. Hardware securities defend computers from unauthorized access or viruses entering private files (Das, Kant, & Zhang, 2012).These are usually the first step of security that is taken in order to enforce the security portion of HIPAA throughout the medical records. Another element that helps secure private files is technical safeguards. Theses safeguards include ideas that are as simple as having a password that only authorized individuals are aware of or even creating a specific encryption that only the employees of a health care company are able to translate. Creating audit logs is great way to view who is logged into specific patientsââ¬â¢ information and when they did so. This enables any supervisor to have superior knowledge of who accesses what information.The final element that a secu rity policy should provide is the enforcement of all management policies. These could include having written company security polices that are available for employees to review at any time. Making sure that all employees are aware of all security polices is important in order to ensure the safety of all medical records. These policies can be addressed in employee training, which is another important part of any management position. Employee training is where all questions should be answered and all policies should be understood.Employees also need to be informed of the disciplinary actions that will follow if any sort of the management policy is broken or disobeyed. There are always repercussions when it comes to breaking the rules; HIPAA has several consequences due to the disobedience of the people. There is a general penalty ââ¬Å"for failure to comply with requirements and standardsâ⬠(Penalties Under HIPAA, 2013). This is the more common penalty that occurs; it requires t he person who violated the rules to pay one hundred dollars for each violation and may not exceed $25,000 throughout a one year time frame.The other offense that includes any ââ¬Å"wrongful disclosure of individual identifiable health informationâ⬠(Penalties Under HIPAA, 2013) has a more in-depth punishment rate. This includes situations where an individual shares another individualââ¬â¢s health information to an unofficial person. Also, the obtainment of another individualââ¬â¢s medical information when it is not needed or asked for any specific medical reason is also included in this offense. The first penalty that is sentenced in this situation is that the violator will not be fined more than $50,000 and/or imprisoned up to one year.If the offense is committed under false pretenses the violator will not be fined any more than $100,000 and/or imprisoned for up to five years. The biggest penalty occurs if the offense is committed with the intention of selling an indivi dualââ¬â¢s medical record for certain advantages. In this case the violator will be fined no more than $250,000 and/or imprisoned for no more than ten years. Because the information protected under HIPAA laws is invaluable and incredibly sensitive, legislators made sure to implement punishments that will hopefully deter potential wrong doers from breaking the law.Unfortunately, the severe consequences that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act endorses, does not intimidate everyone. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is still the most effective act and it helps to protect the privacy of individually identifiable health information, as well as secure the electronic protected health information. When the proper elements to both the privacy and security rules are followed, the more successful HIPAA will be. rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-79851662467463096322020-01-02T22:20:00.001-08:002020-01-02T22:20:03.460-08:00Critical Essay on Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe INTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poe is one of the best prominent writers whose work are continually appreciated by all generations in time immemorial, with often obsessive and gothic themes in Edgar Allan Poeââ¬â¢s work, they have had a hug e significant influence in the literature of America. In this paper I have selected some of his works and explained the impressive features of each in relation to their plots and design. This explains a clear reason for one to love his literature works. I have chosen carefully the works that illuminate Poeââ¬â¢s prolific and short carrier among them prefaces, reviews and correspondence by Poe as well as pieces of themes dealing with transcendentalism and alternative romanticism, sensation fiction, sciences of mind and the south of slavery. This paper therefore takes plot of these selected works as the aspect and point of the mind and the south and the slavery. This paper takes plot of these selected works as the aspect of point of concentration throughout the d ocument to explain the impressive bits of the general works. MAIN DISCUSSION The first work is the Masque of the Red Death, a short story that mainly focuses on a dauntless and happy prince Prospero, who attempts to escape a harmful plague-the Red Death, a disease where the victim becomes totally convulsive and sweats blood instead of water and kills within half an hour, by hiding in his castellated abbey. With him in the Abbeyââ¬â¢s masquerade ball are a thousand wealthy nobles who have come to seek refuge. The masquerade ball is decorated with many different colors. In the middle of their noisy lively enjoyment, an unexplained figure enters the abbey and makes goes through each of the room. Prospero decides to confront this stranger and falls dead on the floor. Gothic fiction takes the centre stage in the story and is often seen as an allegory about how death is inevitable. There are many interpretations about the red death, as well as trials to know the truth about the red death plague Poe uses a lot of conventions mainly the traditional gothic fiction and the setting of a castle. The seven single toned rooms represent the human mind and showing the difference in personalities. Imagery of blood and time shows corporeality. The red death represents the attributes of human life including mortality. This shows that the entire story is allegorical and shows how itââ¬â¢s of no use to escape or shut down death. However some critics try to shun down the ideology of allegories and instead concentrate on Poeââ¬â¢s acceptance distaste for didacticism in writing. In the story Poe does not exclusively show any sign of morals. Blood and the red color emphasized the throughout the story is a symbol for both life and death they are highly emphasized by the masked figure-that was never stated to be the red death but a symbol of the red death- making it first appearance in the eastern side of the abbeyââ¬â¢s rooms and is colored blue a color that is well defined to represe nt birth. The walled abbey was supposed to be a protective location, to keep the illness away. The structure is oppressive and maze like design. The story amazes me because prince Prospero the one that was in fear of the plague is the same person who goes to confront it when it enters the room. The prince is also aware that the disease is viral and contagious but still goes to the act of inviting the nobles from different places gives them a masquerade ball not knowing that they might have contracted the disease. The second work of Allan Poe where I found interest was the murders in the rue morgue (1841), a character in Paris by the name Auguste Dupin is the man who tries to solve mysterious cold blood murder of two women. There are various witnesses who heard a suspect though they donââ¬â¢t agree on what language was spoken. Dupin finds a hair on the murder scene that does not seem to be that of human. Poe uses a model of a super brilliant detective and the personal friend serves as the narrator. The final findings are also revealed before the thinking that leads up to it. There is murder of Madame Lââ¬â¢Espanaye and her daughter in a fictional street-Rue Morgue. The motherââ¬â¢s throat is cut nearly to separate with her body and her daughter strangled and stuffed in a chimney. The two era murdered on the fourth floor of inaccessible room locked from inside, neighbors give contradictory statements claiming to hear the murderer speak a language not familiar with them.à A man named Adolphe Le Bon has been imprisoned without evidence pointing at his guilt. This makes Dupin intrigued that he volunteer to give ââ¬Å"Gâ⬠a policeman his services. Because the neighbors claim not to have heard any sensible conversation on the murder house, Dupin concludes that the hearing was no human voice and the hair he found was not human. He therefore goes to advertise in the newspaper if any one has lost an ourang otang. The call is answered by a sailor and dupin goes to ask him questions about the murder incident. The sailor answers that the animal had escaped from captivity with the sailorââ¬â¢s shaving razor and entered an apartmentââ¬â¢s window in Rue Morgue. The ourang otang attempted to shave the Madame by imitating its masterââ¬â¢s daily routine, the deed incited fury and unfortunately it strangled the madameââ¬â¢s daughter to death, fearing its masterââ¬â¢s whip, the animal fled after an attempt to hide the daughterââ¬â¢s body on a chimney. The sailor got aware of the brutal murder, panicked and ran away. The impressive bit of this work is the way the ourang otang wanted to shave the Madame and by use of force if the Madame refuses to comply. The other thing is that the sailor is aware of the death caused by his creature and yet he remains foolish by turning up to collect his ourang otang. What one can learn about the story is that: a person shouldnââ¬â¢t be judged without material evidence in the case Adolphe. When also we decide to help it should not be for the purpose of financial gain but by the act of true spirit of integrity The third work of Edgar Allan Poe which I selected was The Oval Portrait. This is a story that revolves around a portrait in Chateau. The story begins the narrator; who is left in a mansion and is seeking refuge. He admires the art work decorations in the room and goes through a book that criticizes the paintings. He goes on to find a painting which shocks him due to its extreme realism and spends like an hour with it, he looks at it in a silent awe till he cannot look at it any further. He seeks consultation from the book for further explanation. The picture was painted by an artist depicting his young bride, the artist paid attention too much to the painting till he forgot to pay attentionà to the woman he was painting, after finishing the painting and turning to his wife, he discovers that she had died but her spirit is transformed into the life like painting. Confusion between relationship and artwork takes the centre stage where art and its addiction are depicted as ultimate killers with the sole responsibility of killing the young bride. Morals and lessons learned is that the relationship between art and life is considered as rivalry. What impresses me so much with the story is the most poetic heading the beauty of the woman kills her. Art reveals an artistââ¬â¢s guilt, he feeds on it but it can also kill the life he modeled in the art. I also selected Poeââ¬â¢s work of the Tell-Tale Heart (1843). This is a story of un-named narrator who is certain that he is sane but murders an old man with some secret power kind of ââ¬Å"vulture eyeâ⬠. He carefully plans for the murder and after doing it he hides the body under the the floorboards. Itââ¬â¢s not certain the kind of relationship the murderer and the old man had but the old man is considered a father figure, and the narrator seems to work for the old man as a servant. The lack of clearness and poor details about the main characters has a sharp contrast to the certain plot details thus leading to the murder. The narrator is said to suffer from a disease that causes over-acuteness of senses. The old man posses a pale blue eye that appears likes that one of a vulture which stresses the narrator and makes him to plan for the murder. The blue eye can be seen as parental surveillance and the tough principles that guardians always have on their children, this is what the narrator hates most. The narrator really loves the old man and his actions but he only hates the blue eye. He has been on the plot to kill the old man for seven nights but everyday when he goes to the old manââ¬â¢s room, he finds the vulture eye always closed making it impossible to kill him. The eighth day he finds the old man awake and doesnââ¬â¢t draw back and kills him then concealing the body under the floorboard. The old manââ¬â¢s yells during the attack made the neighbors to report the matter to the police. The narrator goes on courageously to invite the three officers to look around for any evidences since he was very confident. He puts the chairs just on the spot where the old manââ¬â¢s body was concealed and goes on to tell the officers that the old man is out of the country. A faint noise that grows louder is heard by the narrator as if itââ¬â¢s the old manââ¬â¢s heartbeat coming from under the floorboards, after constant and steady sounds of t he heartbeat, the narrator confesses of killing the old man and tells the officers to open up the floorboard to remove the body. Impression created by the story Though the story is somehow not clear but we understand that evil will never go unpunished and evil haunts as seen by the narrator explaining how the murder haunted him day and night. Terror makes the narrator to admit his guilt in the process of explaining his sanity. Some of the things to prove that the narrator was insane is that after making sure that the old man is dead, how possible could he have heartbeats again? In another Allan Poeââ¬â¢s work, Premature Burial, The narrator tries to explain his experience of regular attacks with a single disorder called catalepsy-a condition where the patient occasionally fall in death ââ¬âlike trance. The falling into death-like trance leads to the fear of being buried alive. The narrator mentions a group of people who have suffered the same disorder and have been buried alive. The narratorââ¬â¢s condition makes him to slip into the trance state of unconsciousness. He had the phobia of falling into that state when he is away from home since the disorder has grown worse over time. The condition forces the narrator to build a tomb and he tells his relatives and friends not to burry him permanently. The tomb has equipment that allows him to signal others incase he wakes up from his ââ¬Å"deathâ⬠. The story reaches the climax when the narrator awakens in the paramount of total darkness in a confined area. He notices that his precautions were not put into practice and starts to cry out. He is only to be removed in berth of a boat and not grave. He is shocked with his obsession towards death. I was particularly impressed by the story as the truth can be terrifying more than fiction especially if there is evidence that what has been said has always happened I also selected The Gold-Bug as Poeââ¬â¢s work, the setting of this short story is in Sullivanââ¬â¢s island, South Carolina, the main character is William Legrand a man who claims to be bitten by a gold- colored bug, Legrandââ¬â¢s servant fears that he might have been going insane and goes further to inform his friends who agrees to pay visit to Legrand. Legrand drags the two into epics after deciphering to them a secret message that leads to a buried treasure. The narrator is not certain that what Legrand says is true because the guy has lost his treasure and might be going insane. After confusion Legrand confusing the narrator about his own drawing, the narrator returns home only when a month later Jupiter comes back to ask the narrator if they can go back to his master. They go on expedition along with the gold-bug. In the wilderness of Sullivanââ¬â¢s island they come across a tree that Legrand climbs with him towing the gold-bug. On the tree he finds a skull which he drops to Legrand through one of the eye socket. He acknowledges the spot to dig. There they find the treasure buried by Captain Kidd. The treasure is worth a million and half dollars. Legrand then elaborates how he knew the treasureââ¬â¢s location based on the simple substitution cipher using numerical frequencies. The gold-bug is a cipher that uses substitution methods The impressive bit of this work was brought out in the aspect that there should be a devised method of secret writing that can only be understood by the few. This helps in storing safely of the secret information about a phenomenon with high value. It also entails holding a secret until a solution is given to know how many are patient enough and are willing to work towards a getting that solution. In Another Work, The black cat (1843), Edgar still goes on to use the first person narrative and there is no clear definition of the narrator. The narrator elaborates that he and his wife loved animals and had many pets. One of the pets was one black cat called Pluto which the narrator is fond of and likewise happens to the cat. The mutual relationship lasted for several years till the narrator became alcoholic. The height of the story come in when the narrator comes home drunk and believes that the cat is avoiding him, when he tries to take a grasp suddenly of the cat, the animal bites him in the rage of fear, and the narrator goes on to seize it and gouges its eyes out by using the pen knife from his pocket. After the incident the cat flees on seeing his master making the narrator to start regretting about his cruelty, the trend continue for a long period of time until the narrator became irritated due to the spirit of perverseness. He goes out to the garden and hangs the cut from a tree where the cat meets its death, the very night the narratorââ¬â¢s house catches fire forcing them to flee only to come back the following morning to find imprint on the remaining wall the figure of a gigantic cat hanging from a rope. The narrator becomes terrified but comes to understand the reasons as to why the image was there. He begins to miss Pluto, the coincidental part of the story is that the narrator find a similar cat to Pluto without one eye, he takes it home but after a short while begins to hate it. One day the narrator and the wife decided to visit a cellar, the new cat got under his masterââ¬â¢s feet nearly challenging him down the stairs. Fury ran over the narrator as he grabbed an axe throwing it at the cat with the intention to kill it, accidentally the axe stopped at his wife andà killed her, he goes on to conceal her body with bricks. The police came for investigation and were blinded by the brick wall thus making the narrator to go free, the cat a lso went missing. When the police came again for further investigations, the narrator was completely confident that they were going to find nothing only for the alarmed police to find the wifeââ¬â¢s corpse. The black cat became the horror of the narrator. I was impressed by the fact that all that goes around will come back especially the evil one will always come back sooner and in a bad way, I also get impressed by the Edgar through the inspiration he brings out about anger. Anger at all the time should be control to avoid detrimental actions and some things that make us regret. At the end, I thought of selecting one of the Poeââ¬â¢s poems to see what could be impressive in them and I picked on The Raven (1845). This is a poem that talks about Ravenââ¬â¢s unexplainable visit to an upset lover, who is slowly becoming mad. The lover who is a student is complaining for the loss of his love Lenore. The narrator sits reading a bookâ⬠forgotten loreâ⬠as a way of relieving him from the pain of lost love. he gets amused by ravenââ¬â¢s disposition, he ask the bird its name and the raven a responds ââ¬Ënevermoreââ¬â¢ the narrator then gets shocked that the bird can talk though only the same word. He calls the bird a friend and then soon recalls that the bird will just fly out like the other friends have done before. The bird responds again, never more a word from the birdââ¬â¢s unhappy master. Though he tries to not to talk with the bird, the only thing that comes into the narratorââ¬â¢s mind is the lost love and he asks the bird if at a ll they will re-unit with Lenore in heaven. Most of the impressions that I found in this work unraveled when Poe tries to explain to us that in the times of sorrow, our soul is trapped perverse conflict, between to remember or to forget. Losing our love is a remorseful and a never ending remembrance. CONCLUSION Edgar Poe uses first person narrative in his work of writing so as to keep the reader in suspense to see if he will undisclose the narrator. The act of symbolism is also used in most of his stories as he tries to elaborate the relevancy of his story to the real life situations. Therefore, I find a lot of things to admire in Allan Poeââ¬â¢s works. A lot of impressive things are very evident in most of his works, hence the reason I am amazed by his works as a writer. References Asselineau, R. (2009). Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Minnesota Press. Quinn, H. (1998). Edgar Allan Poe Critical Biography. New York: JHU Press. Sova, D. (2007). Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Infobase. rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-58986222635175361542019-12-25T18:47:00.001-08:002019-12-25T18:47:03.421-08:00Top Essentials to Know About the Vietnam Warrosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-39771008819198251042019-12-17T14:37:00.001-08:002019-12-17T14:37:02.962-08:00Evaluation Of A Analytical Experiment - 1296 Words Analytical reagent grade sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, AA, N,Nâ⬠²-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), AMPS, potassium Persulfate (KPS) were supplied by Tianjin Fuchen Chemicals. Corn straws were purchased from Huimin County, Binzhou City, Shandong Province. 1.1 Preparation of sulfonic cellulose by pretreating corn straws Dry corn straws were ground and sieved using a 40-mesh sieve. Then, the resulting corn straw crash was made alkaline with 15% NaOH solution at 55 à °C in a water bath for 2.5 h. The resulting solution was oxidized and bleached by H2O2, dried, and ground to get cellulose. Cellulose was immersed in 17.5% NaOH solution and stirred for 1 h, followed by immersing for 3 h. Then, it was washed and neutralized withâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In the meantime, the control sample hydrogel was synthesized by AA without the sulfonated cellulose. The formulation for the control sample is listed in Table 1. The resulting hydrogels were dried at 80 à °C in an oven for 24 h and then ground. 1.3 Measurements of hydrogels 1.3.1 Measurement of swelling ratio Q After sieving the dried hydrogels using a 40-mesh sieve, a certain amount of sample was transferred to a tea bag, which was further immersed in deionized water for 48 h at room temperature. After the swelling equilibrium was achieved, the samples were weighed. The swelling ratio (Q) was calculated by the following formula. Q = (W1 ââ¬â W0)/W0 where W0 and W1 are the mass of the dry and swollen hydrogels, respectively. 1.3.2 FTIR analysis of hydrogels The corn straws, pretreated corn straws, and hydrogels were ground into fine powders, mixed with KBr, and pressed into pellets for FTIR analysis. FTIR spectra were scanned in the wavelength range 400ââ¬â4,000 cm-1. 1.3.3 Measuring the swelling dynamics of hydrogels A certain amount of hydrogels was transferred to a tea bag. Then, the tea bag was immersed into deionized water. The mass was measured at regular intervals until it become constant. 1.3.4 Salt resistance of hydrogels NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3 solutions with different concentrations were prepared. The dry hydrogel samples with the same mass were immersed in salt solutions. Salt resistance was determined by the swelling ratio when the hydrogel rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-30181884776791517722019-12-09T11:20:00.001-08:002019-12-09T11:20:05.911-08:00Thomas Jefferson (1743 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Essay 1743-1826, intellectual, statesman, and third president of the United States. Although Jefferson served as governor of Virginia, minister to France, secretary of state, vice president, and president, he is remembered in history less for the offices he held than for what he stood for: his belief in the natural rights of man as he expressed them in the Declaration of Independence and his faith in the peoples ability to govern themselves. He left an impact on his times equaled by few others in American history. Introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment as a student at the College of William and Mary, Jefferson displayed throughout his life an optimistic faith in the power of reason to regulate human affairs. As a young member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Jefferson questioned British colonial policies and was an early advocate of American rights. His forceful pamphlet A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) gained him the reputation that placed him on the committee of the Continental Congress charged with drafting the Declaration of Independence. As its principal author, Jefferson gave eloquent expression to the principles of the natural rights of man, among which, he affirmed, was self-government. Jeffersons intellectual prowess led some political opponents to dismiss him as a visionary, but he was remarkably successful in politics. As leader of the opposition to the Federalist policies of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, Jefferson was put forward by his supporters to run against Adams in the election of 1796 to succeed George Washington as president. He lost that contest but four years later defeated Adams to preside over the first transfer of political power from one party to another in the history of the young Republic. In his inaugural address in 1801, he set the ship of state on a epublican course based on faith in majority rule, simplicity and frugality in government, limited central authority, and protection of civil liberties and minority rights. Alexis de Tocqueville, visiting America five years after Jeffersons death, declared Jefferson to be the greatest democrat whom the democracy of America has as yet produced. On the eve of his inauguration as vice president in 1797, Jefferson had been elected president of the American Philosophical Society, a post he retained until 1815. In many ways he found more pleasure in holding that office than in being president of the United States. A oundless intellectual curiosity fueled his interests in science and natural history, the classics, music, and the arts. He once reflected: Nature intended me for the tranquil pursuits of science, by rendering them my supreme delight. But the enormities of the times in which I have lived have forced me to take a part in resisting them, and to commit myself on the boisterous ocean of political passions. Jefferson translated his intellectual pursuits into action. His study of natural law and political thought informed his commitment to republican government. His devotion to science inspired numerous agricultural pursuits. His interest in architecture and the arts was manifest in the design of his home at Monticello. His concern about education led to proposals for public education in his state and to the founding of the University of Virginia, for which he was champion, architect, and academic planner. The most versatile intellectual to occupy the presidential office, Jefferson was a complex man. He opposed an aristocracy and slavery, yet he enjoyed a life of privilege and owned slaves, optimistically hoping that the next generation would end that violation of natural law. Jeffersons sense of priorities was strikingly revealed when he nstructed that his tombstone be inscribed only with the words that he was the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and the father of the University of Virginia. Affirmative Action Essay With Bakker, Fisher, Grutter, Schuette,In a period of rising military expenditures and mounting debt, he promised a government rigorously frugal and simple, reducing the army and navy and applying the savings to discharging the national debt. The desire to decrease the army also reflected a republican fear of standing armies that had roots in radical English thought. Jefferson restated these principles in his inaugural address on March 4, 1801. That speech provides the best and most succinct statement of Jeffersonian Democracy. Reaffirming his commitment to an absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority as a vital principle of epublicanism, Jefferson added the sacred principle that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would be oppression. In responding to Federalists efforts to suppress minority opinions, Jefferson more clearly defined a basic tenet of American democracy. Intermingling general principles and specific policies, Jefferson promised equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political, and pledged a vigilant protection of ivil liberties. He also vowed to protect the rights of states while preserving the general government in its whole constitutional vigor. The new president declared that he favored reliance on a well-disciplined militia for defense, the supremacy of civil over military authority, economy in public expenditures, the payment of debts, and the encouragement of agriculture and of commerce as its handmaid. Though an agrarian republic was Jeffersons ideal, he recognized the necessity of commerce, and as president he was committed to its protection. President Jefferson promptly initiated simplicity and frugality in overnment. With a Republican majority in Congress, government expenditures were reduced, taxes cut, and progress made in paying off the national debt. The Republicans also reduced the army and the navy and the diplomatic establishment abroad. Altered circumstances, however, led to the modification of many of these policies before the end of his second term. Renewed war in Europe and interference with American commerce led to the imposition of an embargo and increased military expenditures. The purchase of Louisiana required alterations in the schedule to pay off the national debt and also posed a hallenge to his strict construction of the Constitution. Initially inclined to push for a constitutional amendment, he yielded to the opinion of advisers that the treaty-making power provided adequate constitutional grounds. But strict construction remained a tenet of Jeffersonian Democracy. Jefferson reduced the ceremonial role of the presidency that had developed under Washington and Adams. Setting a more democratic tone for the executive, he began by walking to his inauguration. His dress was that of an ordinary citizen, without any distinctive badge of office, one reporter noted. That was a sharp contrast to Washington and Adams, who had dressed elegantly and worn swords at their inaugurations. Instead of appearing in person to deliver an annual address to Congress, as had been the practice of Washington and Adams, Jefferson sent a written message to be read by a clerk. He also eliminated formal presidential receptions, or levees, which his predecessors had held, and he ignored the formal European rules of diplomatic etiquette by receiving foreign diplomats informally and offering no seating by rank at diplomatic dinners. Despite earlier expressions of concern about executive power, Jefferson exerted strong presidential leadership, and with the enactment of an embargo in 1807 the federal government became more intrusive than Jeffersonian principles envisioned. But the embargo was repealed before Jefferson left office, and when he retired from political life, he left a legacy of faith in the people and a widening popular participation that continued to shape the development of American democracy. Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of Party Ideology (1978); Noble E. Cunningham, Jr. , The Process of Government under Jefferson (1978). rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6125015286003703046.post-8520821779731859952019-12-01T23:03:00.001-08:002019-12-01T23:03:06.122-08:00Liz Claiborne Inc. and its Portfolio of Brands Driving Forces: Liz Claiborne, Inc. Liz Claiborne is a name popular in the apparel and fashion business. The brand speaks for itself. Its growth has been unprecedented that can be attributed to several factors. The firm has a different type of business strategy: it manufactures products through subcontracting companies throughout the world. Claiborneââ¬â¢s managers occupy two buildings in New York while their workers are working in factories in more than thirty countries worldwide. But there is more to this that has attributed to the firmââ¬â¢s successes in the past.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Liz Claiborne Inc. and its Portfolio of Brands specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During World War II, Liz Claiborne fled the Nazis to study art and to start a career in the apparel and fashion industry. Her special design was for the American working women so they could have an alternative to the traditional dark tailored suits. She introduced a classic style for women that would last for years with a price that is not exorbitant. (Siggelkow 55) Liz Claiborne had the urge and the motivation. While working in a company that manufactured sportswear, she thought she could do more. It was not only sportswear that she had in mind, it was something formal that the ordinary American woman could wear, be comfortable of her clothing and be proud about it. She worked for her dream, i.e. to make a powerful brand that would empower the working, professional women who are left with no other choice but to wear the traditional dresses not fit for the modern American woman. An initial driving force of Liz Claiborne was the emerging demographic at the time she founded her company; this was the working women of America. In 1960, there was an estimated 21.9 million American women working in different industries. This was an ever growing working class because by the 1990s, it grew to 53.5 million, an equivalen t of 45 percent of the working class of America. (Siggelkow 54) Ms. Claiborne had noted the lack of choice the working American woman had at that time when it came to career clothing. The young Liz was then a designer of womenââ¬â¢s sportswear in a company known as ââ¬ËYouth Guildââ¬â¢. She knew that the market segment of the working American women was growing and that she had to grab the opportunity because she felt she had a role to play with respect to fashion and apparel for American women. When ââ¬ËYouth Guildââ¬â¢ closed down, Ms. Claiborne saw a greater opportunity.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Along with her husband Arthur Ortenberg, who was also involved in the apparel industry as a consultant, Liz Claiborne opened up a company to design apparel for the professional women of America. (Siggelkow 54) She wanted to save the American women from being too t raditional through their clothing and formal wear. She knew she could do something. By her creative design and experience she started the Liz Claiborne Lines, providing the women of her time a casual but unique American wear. Claiborne products also include fragrance products. Now, Liz Claiborne brands are for high-end fashion apparel that includes the moderate fashion apparel for women of all ages and nationalities. Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategy all through the years has been subcontracting. Her style was to go to different countries, particularly in Asia, provide workshops and do presentations for her new designs and fashion, then go back to her headquarters in New York. The companies she worked with knew her strategy and so they offered their expertise for her designs. (Siggelkow 55) Liz Claiborne is a global organization. It is global not only in the sense that it operates internationally but also it is working under certain circumstances, and this includes the structure, the moti vation, the market, and so forth. In the age of globalization and high-technology, Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategy has become effective. Distance is no longer a problem because of the popularity of the Internet. Claiborneââ¬â¢s designers and managers do not need to go to other countries to demonstrate and instruct their subcontracting companies on how to follow their designs. They can use the Internet and teleconferencing to do it. It can use screen-based activities. Features of the Internet provide interactive methods or networks. There are many opportunities and realities the world has offered because of globalization. Transportation has been revolutionized allowing people to travel faster than the speed of sound. Technology is the powerful force that now drives the world toward a converging commonality. Outsourcing has become a trend in the age of globalization. With countries like China and India and the rest of the Asian countries now offering cheap labor, global firms can o utsource their production that are labor-intensive. Global companies can utilize the services of outsourcing companies which offer cheap labor. Their costs are relatively low. Liz Claiborne has tapped the emerging market and the cheap labor that could also facilitate an effective supply chain.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Liz Claiborne Inc. and its Portfolio of Brands specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is what the firm has been doing. In the beginning, Liz Claiborne and her husband would personally go to Asian countries, particularly Taiwan and Hong Kong, to demonstrate and instruct the employees of subcontracting companies on their designs. But this is now easily done. There is no need of personally going to those places where subcontracting is being done. The Internet and teleconferencing can provide the necessary tool for two parties to interact and communicate. Globalization has become phenomenal due to the high-technology tools that have sprung these past decades. ââ¬ËWe have become globalizedââ¬â¢ means we can now connect and conduct business with the rest of the world so easily. With just a computer with internet connection, we can connect with anyone around the world that has an Internet connection. Any sort of business can be benefited with Internet applications. ââ¬ËGlobalization is happening, faster and faster. But it is far from complete, and far from inevitable. Globalization can disrupt, but it can also empower. What does it all mean, for real people in the real workaday world?ââ¬â¢ (Larsson 3) Advancement made in communication and the internet makes it very easy to connect with people in the other side of the globe. The global age is here and will continue to dominate manââ¬â¢s activities ââ¬â businesses for that matter ââ¬â for many years ahead, centuries perhaps, with more and more industries emerging everyday as a result of new tools, innovat ions, and inventions made by man. Because of these advances, changes, innovations, or development, and new industries are formed. Liz Claiborne has international-based brands. These brands are for retail outlets but they also have MEXX, which has become an international name. They have partnered brands which are for men and women. Liz Claiborne brands also include Dana Buchman, Kensie, Monet, and many more. But the strategy has evolved; they have retails for domestic and international markets. Since Claiborne is a global organization, it licenses third parties to provide cost-effective utilization and sale of Claiborne products. (Liz Claiborne Inc. ââ¬â Company Overview) Another driving force for Liz Claiborne is its philanthropic activities. Liz Claiborne believes that one way of continuous successes in the corporate world is to give back. By this, Liz Claiborne formed the Liz Claiborne Foundation, a vehicle of Claiborneââ¬â¢s corporate social responsibility (CSR). Claiborne has close contact with the communities they have businesses with and the various civic organizations for partnerships. Their primary focus is on women who are victims of domestic violence. (Liz Claiborne Inc. ââ¬â Philanthropic Programs)Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers can drive forces either up or down. This happened to Liz Claiborne. There were low sides in business for Liz Claiborne. In 1992, problems started to surface. Its sales were down and market capitalization went down fast at $1.3 billion by the closing period of 1994. A series of strategies in operations and marketing, implemented by the new CEO Paul Charron enabled Liz Claiborne to rise again. The companyââ¬â¢s capitalization went up to $3.2 billion. (Siggelkow 54) Organizational performance is responsible for this trend. The managerial capabilities of Claiborne were responsible for the downward trend of the sales and its losses in the stock market. The top management team (TMT) of Claiborne that could have identified opportunities was a driving force for the firm to lose those opportunities. The opportunities are internal and external factors. (Kor and Mahoney, 2000; Bosch and Wijk, 2001 as qtd. in Chen 1) Knowledge and expertise of the managers failed to identify the fac tors that could have maintained Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s lead in the apparel and fashion industry. And when the company changed the CEO, there was sudden upturn in the sales of the firm, including the price of its share. This was because the new CEO, Paul Charron, instituted drastic operational and marketing reforms. Key Success Factors Designing and marketing are two of Claiborneââ¬â¢s specialized techniques in business. Their premium brands include Juicy Couture, Lucky Brand, and more. JC Penney has the sole right of manufacturing and distribution of some of the department store-based brands. Liz Claiborne was accompanied by her husband and two other partners Leonard Boxer and Jerome Chazen when they started the fashion apparel company that later became a multi-billion dollar business. (Liz Claiborne Company Heritage) Originality and innovations are some of Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s success factors. She was a designer by birth and her quest to help women like her made her a true des igner for the professional women. Liz Claiborne is said to be the inventor of ââ¬Å"imported fashion merchandiseâ⬠. She imported the products she designed (Collins 106). While the rest of her competitors were working under one roof, or that their workers and managers were working in one building and one factory. Claiborne perfected the concept of subcontracting to different factories in Asia and the rest of the world. Subcontracting has become a trend because of Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s successes. Prices were low despite the fact that they were considered designer level. These were compatible with Calvin Klein and Bill Blass, but still affordable for the professional women. Another success factor is Claiborneââ¬â¢s ethical standards which are said to be the backbone of a successful organization. This is what Claiborne aimed to do. Their ethical standards are guided by the virtues of honesty, integrity and their accountability to the people. Because of this, they have gained r espect from their customers and partners. (Liz Claiborne Inc.: A Portfolio of Brands) The strategy of selling is also one of a kind. Claiborneââ¬â¢s first strategy focused on selling via large department stores. In the United States and Canada, Claiborne accounted for about 9,500 locations filled with products on apparel and fashion. This was aided by four of the largest department stores, namely Dillardââ¬â¢s, May, Macyââ¬â¢s and one which was composed of several stores, Federated Department Stores. Liz Claiborne introduced a presentation format unique from other fashion designer companies. They used what Liz Claiborne called ââ¬Å"Claiboardsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Lizmap diagramsâ⬠. These presentation materials contained sketches and pictures including notes and instructions on how their products should be presented to the public. The pieces of merchandise were grouped together and each group had its own name or label. Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategy is to sell their product s as a collection rather than ordinary clothing or apparel. Presenting their merchandize as a collection is an effective way of selling to a great number of loyal customers. (Siggelkow 56) According to the Liz Claiborne website, department stores used to have a classification-oriented style of selling. This means pants were sold in one section of the store, skirts in another area, and shirts are also separately sold in another department. This provided difficulty to women in that when they would try to assemble an outfit, they would have to transfer from one place to another in the department store. In order to solve this problem, Liz Claiborne Inc. managers talked it out with department owners and retailers on the way the different sportswear collection would be presented. They should be in one location. (Liz Claiborne Inc.: Company Heritage) Consultants travelled to many places to ensure that Claiborneââ¬â¢s products were arranged and presented to the public correctly. For all these stores, a special space was provided to present the entire Claiborne collection. The presentation of the merchandize proved effective as many provided positive feedback. (Siggelkow 56) Among Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategic innovations is the use of technology in its processes. The company website is a 24/7 interactive method wherein customers can make suggestions and also air their complaints. Claiborne also uses technology in their design of products. They use computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) in the design of apparel and fashion products. This is one of the productive means of the company, the use of computers. Speed in manufacturing and quality of products are one of the benefits of using CAM. Other large and successful companies in different industries also use CAM. Another computer method used in making designs is computer-aided design (CAD). Integrating these two concepts ââ¬â CAM and CAD ââ¬â allow for more speed, accuracy and quality of the design. Combining CAM and CAD provides ways for a new process known as computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). CIM enables manufacturers to design the product and to control the machinery that makes the products. (Pride et al. 288) Claiborne is also affected by the growing tide of globalization. It is a knowledge-based organization, and its workforce is composed of a pool of talented and expert designers. Claiborne has invested on its employees. The company also aims for customer satisfaction and loyalty; its products and services are quality-oriented. The company sees to it that the company adheres to quality management and best practice. Their strategy is customer-driven, a success factor effective up to today. Claiborne aims for talents and customerââ¬â¢s focus and loyalty and also sees the importance of focusing on their employees because they see the relation between contented employees and contented customers. Satisfied employees result in satisfied customers. Meeting the customerââ¬â¢s need s and wants is a business trend in the age of globalization. Liz Claiborne aims for customer loyalty while keeping cost of production low. This is shooting two birds in one shot but difficult to achieve; difficult because meeting the customerââ¬â¢s needs and wants at the same time minimizing cost of production do not ensure quality product or service. Claiborne focuses on quality in design. Most of the companies nowadays, particular the global ones, prefer standardized products which can be manufactured by outsourcing companies from China, in order to minimize production costs and the flow of supply chain. The apparel industry is labor-intensive; its process of manufacturing requires the services of more people, which is unlike other manufacturing processes where they use machines and robots to manufacture the products. Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategy of subcontracting may be similar to outsourcing strategy. It has been proven effective. Liz Claiborne does not own factories where the y can produce quality apparel. Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategy has long been introduced since its inception as a global company. Products are produced by companies throughout the world. But quality is not sacrificed. They have their own quality control checked by their own managers. (Collins 104) Application of Information Technology Customer interaction is now enhanced by technology and the Internet or the World Wide Web. Customers can ask questions or complain through company websites or through emails. Modern information technology used in supply chain includes Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) which is the information transmission backbone of manufacturing companies and supply interfaces. The popularity of the Internet has led to the introduction of Internet-based EDI. Another important factor that brought success to Liz Claiborne is its application of knowledge management. Knowledge management has made it successfully handle the cost, quality and the different improvements for the organization and its branches overseas. Knowledge management is significant to Claiborneââ¬â¢s global operations and in the study of innovations and adoption. When we say knowledge, we usually understand this to mean theoretical knowledge or practical knowledge, but it also includes experience and skills. In the age of globalization, knowledge is both a product and resource. Knowledge and knowledge management are significant developments in the new globalizing environment. Competitive advantage among organizations is more pronounced with the knowledge people possessed, or what is termed, ââ¬Ëpeople-embodied knowhowââ¬â¢ (Rodriguez and de Pablos, 2002, p. 174). Firms are focusing on what their people know, and invest much on intellectual capital. More success factors are attributed to the right fashion they have introduced to the public. From the firmââ¬â¢s initial demographic of the professional women of America, Liz Claiborne has introduced almost any brand for men and women; thus the brand ââ¬Å"Claiborneâ⬠(for no gender) has stayed for men and womenââ¬â¢s clothing. Their fashion styles introduced to the public are long lasting. Claiborne has a strong brand that they could boast of. These brands have their own particular niche focus. The firm also has a decentralized form of management with departments and units making their own decisions. These decisions are automatically carried out with speed and accuracy. (Scribd.com) Competencies Brands are a name that cannot be taken away by competitors. Sometimes, itââ¬â¢s the brand that competitors are trying to beat and not the product, although the brand speaks for the products. Claiborne has multiple quality brands like Kensie, Kensiegirl, DKNY, etc. These brands are international names and they compete with well known other brands like Zara of Inditex and Hennes and Maurits (HM), etc. Added to the brands were the so-called apparel seasons to meet customer demands and taste. Liz Claiborne was concerned with the buying patterns of customers in order to guide their production processes. Other companies in other industries usually do this particular in-house survey to determine customer demands and loyalty. Some of these companies come from the automotive industry, like for example Yamaha, Honda or Toyota. (Bower and Hout 49) Liz Claiborne opened retail stores aside from going wholesale and selling their products through exclusive contracts with department stores. In 2006, Liz Claiborne competed with other retail stores like Apple, Bose, and Nine West, to find ways to test customer loyalty and following. The stores boasted the companyââ¬â¢s exposure to their customers, not only on the market segment that the company serves. (Anderson) In 2008, Liz Claiborne Inc. granted license to Elizabeth Arden, Inc. for the latter to manufacture, sell and distribute Claiborne fragrance products. These fragrance products include JuicyCouture, Usher, Mambo and other fragrances. (Eli zabeth Arden, Inc.) E. Scott Beattie, the CEO and Chairman of Elizabeth Arden, Inc. said that the licensing agreement was a strategic move for both firms that could also bring competitive advantage on their respective companies. The alliance also brought benefits such as improved market share and more profits for Arden in their American fragrance stores; improved supply chain and a wider organizational perspective; increased customer and more sales from a wider audience. Growth in earnings and sales for the company was expected by 2009. (Elizabeth Arden, Inc.) The licensing agreement was made effective with some conditions such as the fulfillment of the requirements of the law known as the Hart-Scott Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976. (Elizabeth Arden, Inc.) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. was founded by Miss Elizabeth Arden in 1919, with specialty in beauty products. Like Liz Claiborne, its mission was to initially ââ¬Ëserveââ¬â¢ the American woman and it first focused on this particular market segment. Through the years, its strategy has been for continuous innovations. They have tapped other market segments aside from the women demographic. (Elizabeth Arden) Many of Claiborneââ¬â¢s brands have been carried or sold by big department stores. But department stores nationwide suffered a setback; many of them are not earning that big anymore probably because of the recent economic downturn. The once popular and big chains of department stores have been closed. One chain, the Marshall Field, had been changed to Macyââ¬â¢s. Claiborne lost a bit of its popularity. (Boone and Kurtz 376) Liz Claiborne had to part ways with some of the big department stores that sold its products for years. Claiborne is now exclusively contracted by JC Penny to sell its menââ¬â¢s, womenââ¬â¢s and other product lines for ten years. In short, Claiborne moved from Macyââ¬â¢s to have an exclusive contract with JC Penny and no other department store shall have the opport unity to sell Claiborne products. Under this agreement, JC Penny also has the exclusive right ââ¬â if it wants to ââ¬â to buy Claiborne products in five years. The arrangement also states that Claiborne will continue to be designer of the apparel and fashion products and JC Penney will do all the other responsibilities like production and marketing, procurement of raw materials and promotion and distribution of the finished products to end users. (Boone and Kurtz 376) JC Penney had in the past demonstrated that it could successfully market Claiborne products. With respect to Claiborne subcontracting style, Claiborne developed a special bond with apparel suppliers in Asia. In Hong Kong, the company Fang Brothers made their factories available for Claiborne. Fang Brothers was a growing company in the 1960s until it expanded to other countries like Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia. It also expanded to Panama and Ireland. The Fang Brothers was good at the strategy known as ââ¬Å"triangle manufacturingâ⬠. In this particular strategy, U.S. companies and other importers would place their apparel orders through companies, for example Fang Brothers who, because of over capacity, would place the same orders to affiliate factories located in other Asian countries that offered lower cost of production. (Collins 108) In Europe, Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s competitors include Zara and Hennes and Mauritz (HM). Zara and HM are said to be low-cost competitors. Liz Claiborne goes for quality although its prices are not so exorbitant. Zara and HM have been expanding to markets of the same segment. (Ryans 4) Zara is owned by Inditex and is into the international apparel market and fashion, which are customer-driven markets. It is continuously growing and said to be leading in Europe. Following closely is Hennes and Mauritz (HM) which outsources most of its products at lower cost. Like Liz Claiborne, Zara is quality-oriented. It produces 60% of its products and intr oduces quality management. Unlike HM, Zara ensures that its customers are satisfied and hopes to come back to buy more of its products. Zara is more liquid but, like the rest of international firms, is affected by the growing tide of globalization. It is a knowledge-based organization, and its workforce is composed of a pool of talented and expert individuals. Inditex, Zaraââ¬â¢s mother company, sees to it that the company adheres to quality management and best practice. The companyââ¬â¢s financial standing is as healthy as ever. (Inditex) Zara and HM have been closed competitors of Liz Claiborne, quite a feat for the two since Liz Claiborne is more of a traditional and considered ââ¬Å"higher end manufactureâ⬠in the industry, while the two are considered low-cost. They however have been expanding and their financial standings are also considered healthy. To solve the problem of competition, Zara and HM have used high-profile endorsers such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue. (Ryans 15) This also challenged the firm of Liz Claiborne. In responding to the challenge of competitors on low prices, Liz Claiborne also had to act or she could lose some of her following and some profits. Claiborne used the same strategy by producing apparel and fashion products of low cost, something very affordable to the working women. Talking of globalization, this has affected even the smallest firm. But it has worked in Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s advantage. Liz Claiborne manages a pool of expert managers but not an entire workforce. Production line is handled by subcontracting firms. Claiborne goes to a country and instructs supervisors of firms doing the production. It has only to make sure that the design is being followed to the smallest detail. After that, the Claiborne and her managers go home to their headquarters. Globalization has modernized the concept of human resource. International HRM explores how global organizations manage the demands of ensuring that the organi zation has an international coherence and cost-effective approach to the way it manages its people in all the countries it covers, while at the same time ensuring that it is responsive to the differences in assumptions and in what works from one location to another. This is very relevant to managing an organization of different culture. There are countless other issues that have to be addressed by the assigned senior manager and staffs. Claiborneââ¬â¢s managers do not manage a workforce in a factory setting. They just have to present their design and go home to their headquarters. Finished products are presented to them. And finances would be taken care of by their people on a contractual basis. Although this strategy of Claiborneââ¬â¢s is not new, it has been perfected by the firm. Distinct Competitive Advantages Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategy is marketing orientated which requires that a number of changes takes place in the organization, in practices and in attitudes. Implement ing the marketing concept requires more than paying lip service to the ideas inherent in the concept. Behavioral sciences can lead to an understanding of buyer behavior. Liz Claiborne saw the opportunity when she founded the company, along with her husband and a few trusted friends in the apparel and fashion industry. She knew the business and how to run it. She had discovered her niche and her market segment, capitalizing on the gender she was most acquainted with and her creativity and experience. Liz Claiborne knew what to sell and to whom. She analyzed the future of the company and the market she was in. In doing this, a company can shift focus to analyzing what the future holds with the customer. This may include determining if the customer may still want to deal with the company, or buy products from the company or shift to other competitors. The information on customer satisfaction is vital in the improvement and enhancement of the product. This information and data can be li nked back to the manufacturer for further quality enhancement. Liz Claiborne became aware of this when the firm attained competitive advantage. Competitive advantage became more visible when in the year 1999. Liz Claiborne produced more than 120 million pieces of clothing from 256 factories around the world that supplied these products (Collins 105). Liz Claiborne had used this strategy since the 1970s and has come to perfect it with ease and accuracy to make the firm ahead of the competition. ââ¬ËStrategic competitiveness is achieved when a firm successfully formulates and implements a value-creating strategy.ââ¬â¢ (Hitt et al. 4) This value creating strategy was attained even during Liz Claiborneââ¬â¢s early years as a firm producing apparel and fashion products. It gradually grew and came to its height of corporate success. In 1976, Liz Claiborne started with a capital of $250,000. It was a small capitalization that became big. Five years later, it went public and earned revenues of up to $116 million, becoming a part of the Fortune 500 list. This was a feat by a woman at that time. Fortune also said that Liz Claiborne had become the top earner with respect to the year-end equity in the 1980s. Then in 1991, Liz Claiborne earned more than $2 billion with its shares of stock rising. An investor who bought $10,000 worth of shares from Liz Claiborne was assured of a profit for investment of up to $610,000 (Siggelkow 54). In 1996, Claiborneââ¬â¢s profit reached $155.7 million, even surpassing Wall Streetââ¬â¢s prediction (Kernaghan 36). Claiborneââ¬â¢s top management was successful at the beginning, although later it experienced rough sailing. They effectively used strategic management by focusing on the capabilities of their human resource, designers and managers who were properly screened, tested and trained. A successful strategic management allows for competitive advantage or edge for the organization. In strategic HRM, strategies and peopl e are involved; in other words, the firm was putting people together, including their talents, skills and capabilities, to make the business successful. The concept of strategic HRM is based on the important part of the HRM philosophy that emphasizes the strategic nature of HRM and the need to integrate human resource strategy with the business strategy (Armstrong, 2000, p. 6). The top management team (TMT) failed to deliver the necessary managerial capabilities to its senior and medium-level managers that forced Claiborneââ¬â¢s sales and stocks to go down. The top management team which is responsible for the managerial capabilities of Claiborne failed in their strategic management. When the firm replaced the CEO with a new one, Paul Charron, who instituted reforms, the sales and stocks rose. Moreover, Claiborneââ¬â¢s supply chain also adds to its competitive advantage. The firm has focused on quality, least cost, and effective utilization of the resources to provide the goods and services to the end users at the shortest possible time. Supply chain management is traditionally focused on least-cost transaction, but the new trend in business-to-business transaction is long-term relationship. Claiborneââ¬â¢s subcontracting firms are from Taiwan, Hong Kong and other countries in Asia. Claiborne maintains a good relationship with these firms, assuring the conditions for a safe and fast delivery of products to the end users. This strategy can test the customers and consumers. The question that is always in the mind of the marketing manager is: ââ¬Å"will the customer come back?â⬠One significant strategy in meeting the needs and wants of customers is introducing an approach to supply chain that aims back at the customer. Satisfying their needs and wants is always a challenge to marketers. Knowing the customersââ¬â¢ needs have become a foundation for which a company is founded. Customer focus is vital to supply chain. The customer wants to be under stood, and the marketer can interpret this by answering what he/she wants of the product. The information can be inputted back to the customer for enhancement of the product. If it is service-oriented, the company has to modify the service. Supply chain has to be continually improved in order to attain customer satisfaction and loyalty, while customer focus can reflect satisfaction and loyalty. An excellent supply chain management can attain customer satisfaction; at the same time, customer satisfaction may lead to loyalty, although satisfaction does not necessarily lead to loyalty. Before loyalty can be attained, customer closeness is crucial; meaning some activities have to be geared towards contacting the customer in order to acquire more data and information about the product, and how the customer reacts to the product, including suggestions for improvement. Acquiring more profits, which is one of the major goals of companies, seems to be not a sure goal. It is also one of the d ifficult objectives to achieve. There are more and more products being manufactured but there are fewer customers who buy these products. Companies, or global business and organizations, have to find their segments and customers because they have more products to sell. There is a surplus of products and less customers. In other words, organizations around the world compete to gain more customers, and one way of gaining more customers is to win their trust, answer and meet their needs and wants, and make sure that they come back. It is not enough that they buy the companyââ¬â¢s products; it is important that they come back; this is loyalty. Supply chain is an important factor to consider in attaining customer satisfaction. When a product is being bought by a customer, it must be delivered quickly, with ease and comfort of delivery, and must have the desired quality that the customer asks for. Subcontracting has assured Liz Claiborne of an effective supply chain. The firm sees to i t that their designs are followed and manufactured on time. Marketing however has been changed every now and then to answer the demands of the changing times. As stated in the section for ââ¬ËCompetenciesââ¬â¢, Liz Claiborne entered an agreement with Elizabeth Arden, Inc. for the manufacture and sales of Claiborne fragrance products. This is one way of creating a fast and effective supply chain. Elizabeth Arden, Inc. is a former competitor that has turned into an ally and promoter of Claiborne products. Claiborne products are manufactured by manufacturing companies through subcontracting and now delivered exclusively by JC Penney. JC Penney has acquired exclusive rights to manufacture and sell Claiborne products. JC Penney can provide an effective supply chain for Claiborne products. Innovations and changes are continuously introduced into Claiborneââ¬â¢s strategies. This is to answer organizational and customer needs. An example is Claiborneââ¬â¢s introduction of what t hey call ââ¬Å"fashion moderatesâ⬠, from branded and costly fashion apparel to ââ¬Å"fashion moderatesâ⬠. The price has been lowered to meet customer demands and expectations. (Collins 104) The company also emphasizes diversity in the organization and in the workplace. The strategy is to emphasize inclusion that should be a part of the organizational culture and cultural fabric. Inclusion is synonymous with diversity. It allows a collection of ideas and concepts to help in everyoneââ¬â¢s advancement and the organizationââ¬â¢s. Training and development are a part of this so-called cultural fabric. (Liz Claiborne, Inc.: Diversity) The firm also emphasizes inclusion to its various suppliers and associates. They regard inclusion as very important to company principle and philosophy. It is a shared responsibility that should be practiced by every executive and employee. Senior executives should be leaders to promote inclusion. All of their associates share the responsib ility of honoring everyoneââ¬â¢s contribution for the fulfillment of the organizationââ¬â¢s objectives. Works Cited Anderson, George. Liz Claiborne to Open Stores. Retailwire, 21 Mar. 2006. Web. Armstrong, Michael. A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page Limited, 2006. 6. Print. Boone, Louis E. and David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. United States of America: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010, 2012. Print. Bower, Joseph L. and Thomas M. Hout. Fast-Cycle Capability for Competitive Power. The Product Development Challenge: Competing Through Speed, Quality, and Creativity. By Kim B. Clark and Steven C. Wheelwright. 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The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 2001. ISBN: 1930865147, 9781930865143. Print. Liz Claiborne Inc.: A Portfolio of Brands. Our Vision. 2011. 6 October 2011. Web. Liz Claiborne Inc.: A Portfolio of Brands. Company Overview. 2011. 8 October 2011. Web. Liz Claiborne Inc.: A Portfolio of Brands. Philanthro pic Programs. 2011. 8 October 2011. Web. Pride, William, Robert Hughes, and Jack Kapoor. Foundations of Business. United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2009. Print. Rodriguez, J. de Pablos, P. O. Strategic Human Resource Management: An Organisational Learning Perspective. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, Vol. 2, Numbers 3-4/2002. 27 September 2011. Web. Ryans, Adrian. Beating Low Cost Competition: How Premium Brands can Respond to Cut-Price Rivals. England: John Wiley Sons Ltd., 2008. Print. Scribd.com. Liz Claiborne Inc., 2005. 8 October 2011. Web. Siggelkow, Nicolaj. Change in the Presence of Fit: The Rise, the Fall, and the Renaissance of Liz Claiborne. Strategy Process: Shaping the Contours of the Field. By Bala Cakravarthy. United States of America: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003. 54-56. Print. This report on Liz Claiborne Inc. and its Portfolio of Brands was written and submitted by user Juan Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. rosariojac46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00601204090382309815noreply@blogger.com0