Holocaust - The Destruction Process essays

Holocaust - The Destruction Process papers During the period from the mid 1930's to the mid 40's, the Jews in Germany, Poland, and all through Europe confronted extraordinary separation from the Nazis. Beginning with blacklists and slaughters, the Nazis continued to found enactment against the Jews with the Nuremberg Laws. Organization of ghettos started in the late 1930's. An atmosphere of antagonistic vibe against Jews had been deliberately and tenaciously settled. The Holocaust was an efficient annihilation process, which, in a levelheaded, bureaucratic and practically logical style, built up the path for confiscation of property, concealment of rights, and eventually for eradication camps. From a lawful perspective, the main long periods of the Nazis in power were significant. Nazi purposeful publicity began with the principal period of the decimation procedure: criticism. Nazis started to delete the privileges of Jews and other gathering adversaries not long after Hitler became Chancellor in January of 1933. To be increasingly explicit, on March 23, 1933, the Enabling Act was passed, a law approving the legislature to give enactment, regardless of whether that enactment strayed from the Reich Constitution. One case of this enactment is a progression of laws that were made for prohibiting non-Aryans from common help, the lawful, clinical, and dental callings, showing positions, social and amusement ventures, and the press. (The Law for the rebuilding of the Professional Civil Service, A Holocaust Reader, Dawidowicz, p. 35). On September 15, 1935, at the gathering rally, the Nuremberg Laws were reported. A Reich resident is just that subject of German or related blood (Reich Citizen Law of 1935). Along these lines, Jews never again were German residents; they were subjects. To ensure the German Blood and German Honor, they were prohibited to wed Aryans and taboo to fly the Reich and national banners (Protection of German Blood and German Honor of 1935). The declarations of Ruth Kent, a Holocaust survivor, show how the... <!

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advertising - Essay Example The essential explanations for their inability to viably, proficiently and reliably practice the PR have been additionally credited with the absence of appropriate assets and inadequate time the board just as broken asset allotment (Gale, 2007). Relevantly, including in network improvement exercises is frequently considered as a crucial methodology for advancing connections just as growing long haul prosperous responsibility for with assortment of significant publics stressing on the supportability needs of the association through partner commitment. So as to accomplish fruitful results from the crusades that are intended to advance solid relationship with enormous gathering of populace and empowering social change worried with certain particular issues recognized by NPOs, it is significant that legitimate methodologies and arranging is concocted before the initiation of the battle. It is similarly vital that successful observing and assessment is produced for guaranteeing the qualit y and adequacy of the embraced PR crusades (Gale, 2007). In view of these contemplations, the motivation behind this paper is to break down and assess the adequacy of PR activities connecting with United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and its open comparable to certain wellbeing related issues including malignancy mindfulness, medicate misuse avoidance, smoking discontinuances and youngster government assistance among others. Distinguishing proof of Key Publics The essential purpose for deciding the objective gathering is to recognize the gatherings and crowds who need to change their recognitions, social qualities and mentalities (European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 2010). The best possible recognizable proof of crowds and their effective division can encourage in deciding the course of correspondence in the most dynamic manner. Relevantly, UNICEF endeavors to speak with a wide scope of the general population keeping up a commonly advantage ous relationship. Every one of these open gatherings is additionally distinguished to have one of a kind arrangements of issues worried with different wellbeing factors (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2005). Correspondingly, the correspondence crusade started with due worry towards medical problems, UNICEF focused on the gathering of open including people living in the most denied regions exceptionally those working in dangerous natural conditions. For comparative sort of PR crusades, the school and school going youthful and grown-up individuals, who will in general effectively get habituated to smoking and are helpless against tranquilize misuse, can likewise be treated as the intended interest groups. Essentially, guardians and youngsters were additionally focused for the battles all together advance kid government assistance by UNICEF in its PR crusades concerning the advancement requirements for ladies and kids. Concerning the authoritative vision and PR activities, the correspondence programs directed by UNICEF can be separated into three essential gatherings of crowds by and large, including people working in perilous workplace, school and school going youngsters and grown-up inclined to unsocial ways of life, and the guardians who are basically occupied with the working followed by adolescents (NGLS, 2009; United Nations Children’s Fund, 2005). Viability of Communication among UNICEF and Its Intended People The perquisite for viable correspondence requires auspicious planning, viable utilization of dialects, legitimate comprehension of culture where the crusade will be held and

Mechanical Solidarity Essay Sample

Mechanical Solidarity Essay Sample Mechanical solidarity: the Main Distinctive Features of this Term In this essay, we will learn what mechanical solidarity is and give the examples of this term. This notion is frequently used among the pre-industrial societies. So, let’s discern about this concept in greater detail. Mechanical Solidarity Definition This term is used with the aim to describe the situation when similarities of members of one community maintain the society. Maybe, you don’t hear this word in your everyday life frequently, but still, it is widely used in sociology. In other words, this notion describes the cohesion which comes from the homogeneity of different individuals. Members of one society realize that they are related to other members through the same work, lifestyle, religious, and training. As a rule, the term of mechanical solidarity is applied to small-scale societies. Example of Mechanical Solidarity We want to describe this term in greater details, look through the below-listed example. As a rule, one can better understand different sociological aspects after reading the case. Just imagine that there is a little boy, who was born in a remote village in Bali. Every day this boy lives in the community which members spend 9 hours of their day at work. He likes all members of his community, all of them are similar, holding similar values, visiting the same shop and eating similar food. It is an ideal instance of mechanical solidarity. Several Historical Facts First, this sociological term was used by a well-known sociologist, Emile Durkheim more than 100 years ago. In 1893, he wrote a book The Division of Labor. The terms mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity were used in this book for the first time. First, he introduced the term solidarity that was used with the aim to describe different things that could keep one society together. As soon as this book was published, many sociologists started learning these notions more attentively. These terms are opposite. Organic solidarity means the situation when people depend upon each other. To put it simply, it describes the kind of solidarity where there is a subdivision of labor. Every member of this society can’t do without the other one. It comes from interdependence. Members of this type of solidarity perform different assignments, and if one member (because of some reasons) can’t do his work, there is no one around who substitute him. Mechanical society is absolutely different: its members are engaged in the same everyday activities. They do the same work, share similar views, and their lives are also common. In this kind of solidarity, the work can’t stop because of the absence of one of its members. They can always stay together. As a rule, pre-industrial societies are characterized by the term mechanical solidarity. Key Features that Describe Mechanical Solidarity It is a primitive and even more tribal type of society where there is no important or cardinal labor division. As a rule, they have general consciousness â€" religion. There are no individuals in this group. People can’t express themselves because of some reasons. Religion is in the first place. The whole society makes the same things each day. It swallows up any personality. The property they own is also joint. Of course, an individual can own this property, but in this case, he frees himself from the others and becomes a distinctive being. The major characteristic features of mechanical solidarity are the following ones: The community owns all resources. No one has the right to become the owner of the personal property. Only community property exists, and everyone has a chance to use it. You can’t express yourself as a personality. It is forbidden. You depend on the society. Collective consciousness. They share the same beliefs. Repressive laws. They are subdivided into procedural, civil and administrative law. Their overarching goal is to bring back the previous state of affairs. Unfortunately or luckily, it is complicated to give a bright example of one or another society which adheres to the rules of the mechanic or organic solidarity. Still, the community is static and dynamic. One more example of mechanical solidarity is the society which lived in Europe till the epoch of industrialization. During that period, it was a traditional society. One more example is the time of communism, the type of a society where it was almost impossible to be an individual.

Personnel management vs human resource management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2947 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? People in an organization carry out the entire task, from setting strategies and goals to allocating financial resources and from producing goods and services to marketing them. Therefore, the human beings are considered to be lsquo;human resource or lsquo;human capital in an organization (Bratton and Gold, 2001). And managing this resource is crucial and the idea and practice of managing have come through several changes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personnel management vs human resource management" essay for you Create order The ever rising intense competition in the global business and spreading responsibilities brought dramatic changes in the way approaches were made towards people management. The time business crossed the national boundaries and spread throughout different continents and different time zones it faced new challenges and difficulties in meeting the demands from the people of different cultures. Idea sharing and participation in decision making, therefore, became important as these can give the organizations competitive edge in the changed environment. As a consequence the traits like aptitudes; commitment, ability to learn and tacit knowledge have become obligatory in order to have continuous development (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Thus, the demands of the specialists as well as the formation of new strategies to fit to the changed environment increased along with the growth of business boundary. Human Resource Management: lsquo;Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeksto obtain competitive advantage through the strategic deployment ofa highly committed and skilled workforce, using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Storey, 1995). Thus, HRM is mainly a set of policies that are created aiming to obtain the organizational goal through the successful implementation of corporate strategy considering the human resource of the company as the driving force that can make the difference or in other words give the company its most needed competitive advantage. Company needs to balance the aspirations of its people as well as its strategic demands towards making HRM policies. There have been many models to explain the concept Human Resource Management. One of the important models is Harvard model. The Harvard Framework preferred to see the whole process of HRM from the General Managers point of view (Armstrong, 2003). How they want to see the consequences of every step recognizing the importance of trade-offs between owners, employees and various interest groups (Armstrong, 2003). Here, the HR gets some outcomes as the direct affect of its policy choices and those outcomes brings the consequences that meet the stakeholders interests. It suggests that the general managers should develop a viewpoint, as they provide the strategic vision, of how they wish to see the employee involvement in achieving the goals. Another important model is Warwick model. As Harvard model is developed in the American context it reflects the American style and way of managing HR but Warwick model reflects the European style (Loosemore et al., 2003). Unlike Harvard model it focuses on external and internal both context and explores how both the internal and external environment influence the HR decisions (Bratton and Gold, 1999). From Personnel to HRM: The concept of HRM started getting shape in the early stage of industrial revolution (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Emerging concern of employee rights and the growth of trade union, changing reactions of the workforce and employers towards the public policy, implementation of strict health and safety regulations, increased demands of specialised personnel in the work force along with the technological innovations, scientific and sophisticated approach to managing employees and the ever ending competition in the market played vital role in the emergence of the concept Human Resource Management (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Though the concept is old but the title HRM was given to it only couple of decades back. Before that it was known as Personnel Management. Some scholars say that there is no actual difference between Personnel Management and HRM except the two different names (Storey, 2007; Armstrong, 2003; Torrington et al., 2008). Along with the emergence of the new economic order in 80s and 90s of last century the approach towards people management changed and the preference of treating personnel moved to individual rather then collective in order to ensure that the highly skilled and loyal employees will give the organization a competitive advantage (Bratton and Gold, 2001). Thus, changing the title is also an approach to give the people management a new image to fit to the changing environment. Torrington and Hall (1991, cited in Armstrong, 2003) sees the distinction as, Personnel Management is lsquo;workforce centred and therefore directs itself to employees, on the other hand HRM is lsquo;resource centred concerns itself with the overall human resource needs of the organization. Storey (2007) shows the detailed differences between Personal Management and HRM in his twenty seven points of differences where he categorized the elements into four-part basic outlines. These are; Beliefs and assumptions, Strategic Aspects, Line Management and Key levers (Storey, 2007). Miller (1998) integrated Storeys twenty seven points into six main points that focuses on the major points of distinction between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. Dimension Personnel HRM Nature of relations Pluralist Unitarist Speed of decision Slow Fast Key managers Personnel General/line Pay Job evaluation Performance related Job categories Many Few Communication Restricted Increased Table: Personnel Management vs Human Resource Management (Miller, 1998) So, the distinction between personnel and HR is clear. The biggest change probably is focus. The focus has now shifted from overall performance to individuals. Employee involvement through personal development is now not only highly encouraged but also to ensure it the companies are undertaking different training and development programmes. An early example of this change was set by Ford when it announced its change initiatives that contain statement like lsquo;employee involvement is our way of life (Storey, 2007). The Characteristics of HRM: The attempt of HRM is to manage the people, the most valuable asset of a company, to achieve its goals and objectives. Thus, the typical characteristics of HRM include both the welfare of the company and the welfare of its employee. Armstrong (2003) pointed out some characteristics of HRM, these are; It integrates the HR and business strategies and emphasizes the need for all strategic fit. It is commitment oriented as it emphasizes on gaining the committed goals and mission of the organisation. It attaches diversified cultures and values together and brings harmony in the workplace. It identifies the potentials of the employee and appoints the task accordingly to ensure the maximum benefits. It manages and harnesses the potentials of the personnel and brings the best out of them. It ensures both the happiness of the personnel and happiness of the stakeholders. The Functions HRM: The basic HR functions according to Armstrong (2003) and Torrington et al (1991) are: Human Resource Planning The management determines the types and the number of human resources it needs to accomplish a task or reach the goal. In this case the management has to consider the financial support available to it. Recruitment and selection; Proper recruitment and selection procedure needs to be followed in order to meet the demand of required skills. In this case the necessary skills can be tested through written or oral test or a combination of both. Reward systems; Reward systems are structured and measured by the company to keep the employee motivated. It may include direct, indirect or psychological reward. Employment legislation; Terms and conditions, policies and opportunities for both parties should be open and written in order to avoid confusion. The HR department has to clearly mention the company policies in the employment contract. Management of diversity; As the business is now global the companies need to ensure an environment where employees from different cultural, religious and ethnic groups are treated equal. Again, Fords early realisation prompted them apply policies such as lsquo;our doors are open to men and women alike without discrimination and without regard to ethnic origin or personal beliefs (Storey, 2007). Training and development; To make the employees more efficient and prepare them for higher level of responsibilities the HRM department needs to have a continuous training and development process. Along with the routine process the companies also train their employees during a sudden demand such as an addition of new software or hardware. Grievance and discipline; To ensure time keeping, good employee relations, proper behaviour and professional attitudes the HR department formulate company procedures. Termination of employment relation; As part of disciplinary action, end of the contract, the part of an employment cut or the relocation of the employee the HRM takes all the necessary actions. Strategic HRM: Human resource management is no more limited to managing people, recruiting, selecting, training and all other conventional administrative duties. As the people are the core competitive advantage in todays business, they are evaluated as the brainpower of the company rather than manpower. The way of business competition has become knowledge based (storey et al, 2009). Thus, the human resource department plays a more strategic role today. Apart from all the administrative works Strategic HR participates on planning corporate strategy. It plans out the necessary skills and required effort needed for a particular task to be carried out in future. SHRM also indicates a planned HR policy that integrates the business goal and may encompasses a number of HR strategies to improve the individual, thus business, performance to make the reward system more effective (CIPD , 2010). Miller (1998) says if a company be able to establish an appropriate fit between strategy and HRM it can be considered as practising strategic HRM. The business strategy and the strategic human resource management run in parallel, both are informative and communicative. Information available to SHRM about how people are motivated deployed and the availability of skills and knowledge might determine the business strategy, on the other hand when business strategy requires the improvement of customer service this will probably shape the training plans and performance improvement plans (CIPD, 2010). Approaches to SHRM: Strategic HRM is mainly a resource based philosophy and this encompasses three possible approaches (Armstrong, 2003). These are explained bellow: Resource based SHRM: Resource based HRM strategy focuses on the performance of the employee and compare the productivity of its people with the competitors. In this approach learning is highly encouraged and the intellectual capital is developed and nurtured. High-performance management approach: By developing the skills of the employees and improving the self management capacity and team performance the HR department can actually enhance the overall productivity and ensure customer satisfaction. Here, the quality leadership, vision, benchmarking and decentralization are suggested in order to have greater success (Stevens, 1998; cited in Armstrong, 2003). High performance approach also require to have a rigorous recruitment and selection procedure, a proper learning and development process and merit pay and profit sharing to encourage high performance (Armstrong, 2003). High involvement management: This approach says employees are to be treated as partners, their interests should be respected and their equal involvement in decision making should be encouraged. A very good communication between the managers and the employees that gives clear understanding of organizational vision, values and the expectation of both parties can achieve the organization its expected productivity. Characteristics of SHRM: There are some characteristics of SHRM can be drawn from the writing of Salaman et al (2005) and Armstrong (2003). These are discussed below: -It connects the whole process to the business strategy and plays a proactive role rather than reactive. Instead of waiting for the instruction and complaints strategic HR managers take proactive steps and plans out the future outcome. -SHRM is output driven. It takes all strategic steps to improve the performance of the employees and achieve the overall competitive advantage. -It is more preventive than corrective and thus it value employees who are multi-skilled, cross-functional and team players. It expects people to do the things write the first attempt. -It provides the guidance to other sections of the organization on what to measure, how to measure and how to report the outcomes of the measurement CIPD (2010) Dave Ulrich (1997) suggested four strategic roles in order to be able to create real value to the business. These are: Strategic partner: Here, the HR manger help the company turn the strategy into result. He will evaluate the existing strategy and figure out whether there is any strategic change needed. Change agent: HRM helps the change happen and it happens faster. Also make sure human resource understand and cope up with the change. Employee champion: managing and evaluating talents or the intellectual capital and Administrative expert: Ensuring the all the human resource related jobs are done and they are done in a way that helps the business. Effect of Globalization: Globalization is shortening the trade barriers, making the market more open and thus more competitive. It is a very influencing source that fuelling the changes faster. Toyota, one of the largest car producers in the world, was the hundredth Japanese company when it decided to locate their first UK based manufacturing facility in Derby (Storey, 2007). But it took fifteen years, from 1972-87, for the first fifty Japanese companies to arrive in UK and the next fifty companies arrived in following two years time (Storey, 1992, p. 12). The challenges that globalization has brought to Human Resource Management and the they should be faced are: Restructuring: Business is expanding in one way or other. Either two or more firms of same industry are merging together or one is acquiring the other. As a direct result of this the company eliminate layers of managers, closes facilities and cut jobs. HR managers are facing challenges in managing people who worked in different company cultures and some whom withdraw their loyalty. Even sometimes when the companies from different countries of different time zones merge than language and cultures become the main concern (CIPD, 2011). -In this regard the HR professionals need work in co-operation with other organizational sections. Need to understand different organizational management policy and take the professional through smooth transition process. Management of diversity: As an effect of globalisation people from different cultures, ethnic groups and religion come in one place and work together and they require a mutual understanding that make the way to productivity smooth. -Here, the HR department needs to ensure a working environment that offers equal opportunity and respect to the people from all background (CIPD, 2010). They need to understand different cultural and religious values. Technological innovation: Continuous innovation of new technology put pressure on HR department of the company to ensure a continuous training and development programme. Also, the technologies are reducing HR tasks that create the chance of HR job cuts. -HR professionals need to make themselves equipped with latest technological knowledge. They need to diversify themselves and be useful in participating other organizational tasks. Outsourcing: Outsourcing concept has come up along with the globalization. Organizations are now outsourcing some of their task to other companies that may be located some other part of the world. Thus, some of the HR functions now to be done by the line managers (Kumar, 2011). -Along with other qualifications the line managers need to have the proper understanding of Human Resource Management. On the other hand the HR managers need to outline and monitor the HR task of the line managers. Economic and political change: Economic changes such as global recession, change in government policy as a result of the shift in political power force the companies to close facilities and decrease production cost. As a direct result of this organizations decrease the size of HR body and put pressure on the remaining to be more productive (Kumar, 2011). -Through the effective training and development process the HR managers need to ensure top level productivity of the human capital that will reduce production cost and make the organization more sustainable. Conclusion: Human Resource Management has come through different changes and challenges over the recent years. Though, the innovation of technologies is reducing some of the HR tasks but these affecting the HR roles very less. Also, outsourcing is also happening in a number of cases thus it is not affecting HR roles significantly (CIPD, 2006). Yet outsourcing may reduce the HR task of an organization but it is shifting those tasks to some other companies. The cost of running a HR department may go up and down but at the end it repay with the improved productivity it brings to the human resource of the company. The human resource still remains the competitive advantage factor and it will remain so in the future. Different market boundaries are falling apart and forming one single global market. In this marketplace different companies of an industry are experimenting all possible and available resources to achieve the competitive advantage. But it is human resource that can offer additional featur es to a business through a continuous development process. Thus, the task of people management is not limiting rather its expanding. A dynamic human resource management body can attract the best bunches of talent by designing and offering exceptional reward and career opportunity package and at the same time it can improve the productivity of its existing resource to the highest level by planning, developing and implementing an effective training and development programme. For instance, Microsoft and Google both have search engines. The number of users using a search engine determines its business success. Now, people will use the search engine that consists of highest number of resources and that offer additional features that carry the better value then the others. The human resources are bringing all the features and widening business opportunities in these both cases. And it is the HRM department that recruits those professionals through an effective selection and recruitment pr ocess, offering them their dream package of reward and compensation, and later on it brings those professionals to this level through a proper training and development. Thus, the Human Resource Management is crucial for organizational survival in todays marketplace.

The Role of the Department of Homeland Security - 573 Words

The Role of the Department of Homeland Security Objective The objective of this study is to clearly and specifically address the principles, goals, and missions of DHS and FBI. Introduction One of the primary roles of the Department of Homeland Security is intelligence and threat analysis and the protection of the countrys critical infrastructure. The Department is reported to fuse and analyze intelligence and other information relating to homeland security threats and multiple resources are used in this endeavor including the CIA, NSA, FBI, INS, DEA, DOE, Customs and DOT and data gleaned from other organizations. (Office of Homeland Security, 2002) I. Critical Mission Areas The Critical Mission Areas for the Department of Homeland Security is inclusive of the following stated areas: (1) Intelligence and Warning; (2) Border and Transportation Security; (3) Domestic Counterterrorism; (4) Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets; (5) Defending Against Catastrophic Threats; and (6) Emergency Preparedness and Response. (Office of Homeland Security, 2002) II. Strategic Objectives The Strategic Objectives stated by the Department of Homeland Security include the following strategic objectives: (1) Preventing terrorist attacks within the United States; (2) Reducing Americas vulnerability to terrorism; and (3) Minimizing the damage and recover from attacks that do occur. (Office of Homeland Security, 2002) In the areas of Intelligence andShow MoreRelatedRole Of The Department Of Homeland Security1659 Words   |  7 PagesRole of the DHS in Counterterrorism On September 11, 2011, the United States observed the tenth anniversary of the worst terrorist attacks in the history of the United States . The creation of many anti-terrorism organizations was a clear message that this threat is beyond a single military or intelligence capacity. Our citizens demanded a strong response that would prevent any future terrorist threat. President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security as the key agency responsible forRead MoreOverview of the US Department of Homeland Security925 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Homeland Security: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security was formed more than a decade ago with a very significant mission of safeguarding Americas homeland from hazards, threats, and national disasters. This department conducts its mission through securing the countrys borders, preventing terror attacks, and responding to incidents or threats to its citizens (Miller, n.d.). Generally, the most important roles of the Department of Homeland Security are to lead a concerted nationalRead MoreRoles Of Law Enforcement And Intelligence1503 Words   |  7 PagesRoles of Law Enforcement and Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism After 9/11 September 11, 2001 marks one of the darkest, if not the darkest, days in United States history. It is a day in the history of our country in which everyone remembers where they were and what they were doing when they heard the news that two planes had flown into the World Trade Center in New York City, taking out both of the Twin Towers. All in all there were close to 3,000 people who lost their lives on that fateful day betweenRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Act1165 Words   |  5 Pages When one thinks of security, they tend to think of being protected, free from harm or danger. There are various security threats that the world faces today. Threats could range from a series of cyber threats to terrorist attacks. We are incessantly encountered with catastrophic man-made and natural diseases. The Department of Homeland Security measures the nation s vulnerabilities, meaning it takes initiative in leading and evaluating vulnerabilities and coordinating with other federal, state,Read MoreThe Role Of Homeland Security From The United States Constitution1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of Homeland Security originated from the Founding Fathers, under the United States Constitution, that created a system and gave the primary role of homeland security to state and local governments (Oliver, 2007). When state and local governments became overwhelmed and could no longer effectively deal with a crisis then homeland security government would assist those governments (Oliver, 2007). The relationship was created through the United States Constitution in Article 4, Section 4, whichRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategies And Policies1231 Words   |  5 PagesFor this progress assignment I would like to describe homeland security as it is defined in the various U.S. national security strategies and policies. In addition I would like to speak to the difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense to include mission areas, task, operational responsibilities, and coordinating efforts. Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification of the need to protectRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security And Homeland Defense969 Words   |  4 Pages The defense, security, and safety American citizens enjoy each and every day is a result of dedicated professionals committed to Homeland Security and Homeland Defense. These broad initiatives require well-defined missions, organized and focused tasking, and finally, clearly understood duties, responsibilities, and operations. Organizations charged with these responsibilities must be better resourced than those of the enemy. Success in each of these objectives requires a well-organized infrastructureRead MoreU.s. Federal Department Of Homeland Security1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security evolved into the biggest U.S. government reorganization in American history. Prior to the establish ment of the Department, Americans increasingly became concerned about terrorism on our soil. This concern was triggered by the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 as well as the discovery of a bomb at the Atlanta Olympics in 1994. Additionally, it became more apparent to the Americans that terrorismRead MoreU.s. Department Of Homeland Security1668 Words   |  7 Pages1. Purpose Among one of the missions of The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is to protect and preserve the security of the Cyberspace in the country. The principal objective of this Security Plan is to give instructions and direction for the Department’s workers and help the Homeland Security to create best practices and strategies in the IT security system. 2. Scope This policy needs to be applied to all users, employees, contractors, suppliers and to all IT resources such as e-mails, filesRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1321 Words   |  6 Pagesin its security. The result of the tragic events was the establishment of homeland security. The White House, the federal government and the Congress joined together to establish it. On September 20, 2001, President George W. Bush issued an executive order 13228 to establish an Office of Homeland Security within the White House and assigning the Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge as its Director (Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, 2013, p. 4). Ever since, the United States (U.S.) Department of Homeland

Advocacy Role paper Free Essays

Advanced practice nurse’s are reimbursed at a lower rate for the same services than physicians by Medicare, Medicaid and other private insurance companies. American medical association sets our scope of practice and regulations and legislation is often influenced by these recommendations. Advanced practice nurses should be consider as equal members of the healthcare provider community and receive equal reimbursement. We will write a custom essay sample on Advocacy Role paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now To make these changes one must develop a plan and advocate for the profession. Advanced practice nurses are reimbursed at a lower rate, for the same services, than physicians. Medicare reimburses nurse practitioners at 85%, certified nurse midwives at 65 %, and physician assistants at 85% or less of the physician fee. The exception to the reimbursement rate is called the â€Å"incident to†. Medicare will reimburse at 100% if billed under a physician provider number. Medicaid pays 75-100% of the physician fee with the exception of some rural areas. Private insurance companies reimbursement to advanced practice nurses policies vary state to state. In an attempt to find ways to decrease cost, private insurance companies are beginning to follow Medicare’s reimbursement policies. For advanced practice nurses the reimbursement policies vary according to state, company, and licensure, and are not equitable to physician reimbursement. This issue is being buried by the American Medical Association. The Affordable care Act addressed the reimbursement of physicians but APN were not mentioned. 1997 budget act is the last legislation passed that addressed reimbursement for advanced practice nurses. This act decided that advanced practice nurses are entitled to reimbursement. The legislators in Tennessee at that time voted for or against the act. This issue has not been addressed since then which could say that this is not a priority for the state. It could be the increae cost related to increased reombursement that keeps them from pushing the issue. The affordable Care Act addressed Medicare reimbursement but did not adress APN’s specifically. The govener of Tennessee opted out of taking the money for the state. The federal govt. as to except the cost and reimburse at 100% this could have impacted advanced practice nurses in a positive way. As it stands This issue needs to be addressed with more impact especially after the affordable care and patient protection act. Nurse practitioners will be a solution of the problem and will want to be reimbursed according to care not license. Reimbursement of care provided by advanced practice nurses should equal physicians because t hey are providing the same service with equal or better outcomes. In a study done by Laurent, Herman, Reeves, Braspenning, ; Spinbald, â€Å"The findings suggest that appropriately trained nurses can produce as high quality care as primary care doctors and achieve as good health outcomes for patients. † Naylor and Kurtzman found that Nurse Practitioners â€Å"out performed physicians in easures of consultation time, patient follow-up and patient satisfaction. â€Å"(Naylor ; Kurtzman, 2010). A 2002 report to Congress by the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, however, was unable to tind reliable data to discern clear ditterences in the two groups’ outcomes and expenses. How to cite Advocacy Role paper, Papers

Love And Devotion Essay Research Paper Love free essay sample

Love And Devotion Essay, Research Paper Love and Devotion Dan and Ann had been waiting for this clip of all time since they fell in love two old ages ago. They were traveling to hold a babe. The gestation had been a perfect one. Dan took really good attention of Ann and the babe for he was a devoted hubby, and had made Ann eat healthy and exercise really good. Everything had been great. One twenty-four hours Dan was half was through a meeting when he received a phone call from Ann. She told him that her H2O had merely broken and her contractions were already truly strong. He knew that he would non be able to acquire place on clip to take her to the infirmary, so he called 911 and have an ambulance sent to his house. Since he couldn? t be at that place for her, he stayed on the phone with her until she told him that the ambulance had arrived and so he raced to his auto. We will write a custom essay sample on Love And Devotion Essay Research Paper Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he arrived, he saw Ann being wheeled on a stretcher. He rushed to her side. Then nurses rapidly moved her up to the pregnancy ward and into her room so they could acquire her hooked up to the proctors to see how she and their babe was making. Once the nurses got her hooked up to the proctor, they noticed that the babe? s pulse was really weak. Dan kept inquiring them what was incorrect and they kept stating him that he would hold to wait for the physician to come. Ann kept shouting from the hurting and kept inquiring for something. The physician eventually came over and explained to them that their babe? s pulse was excessively weak to be delivered of course. He was traveling to hold to make an exigency C subdivision on her. Ann asked him if her babe was traveling to do it and he reassured her that they could hold their babe out every bit shortly as possible. As Ann was being rushed up to the operating room, she couldn? T aid but get down weeping. Her gestation had been so fantastic and she was ready to get down a new life with her kid and now this was go oning and she didn? Ts know why. Once they got her prepped, they allowed Dan to be by her side. The babe was holding a harder clip with each go throughing 2nd. Once the physician opened up Ann, he hurried and got the babe out. The nurses instantly took the babe over to another tabular array and started working on it. Dan was worried because he hadn? t heard the babe call yet, but the physician reassured him that the babe was traveling to be all right. Then he went off to look into the babe and came back in a few proceedingss with a really heavy expression. With a suspiration, he told Dan that their babe had merely died because he wasn? t a healthy one to get down with. Dan was about to conk and wanted to decease, but he couldn? T because of Ann. He knew how devastated Ann was traveling to be. So he decided to be strong and take good attention of Ann. He thanked God that at least Ann was safe. With heavy stairss, he went out of the exigency room. It was later that twenty-four hours when Ann had woken up from the surgery. She was peacefully lying on the bed non cognizing anything. He walked over to her and took her manus in his. She looked at him and smiled. He smiled back at her faintly and looked into her eyes really earnestly. She sensed that something was really incorrect so she asked him what the affair was. Keeping back the cryings hotfooting through his eyes, Dan told her what had happened. He told her that God had chosen to do their babe a guardian angel, merely as God had chosen them to happen one another and autumn in love. Ann let out a loud call and didn? t halt for T along clip. Dan merely held her close and allow her call in his weaponries. At last Samantha stopped and said, ? You did everything you could, Dan. You were a devoted male parent, loyal to the babe and me. Our babe is likely really thankful for what you have done for us. You have done all your responsibilities as hubby and male parent and I thank you for that. I love you, Dan? ?

In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment free essay sample

In a highly dynamic and turbulent environment, some mangers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances, whilst others have change thrust upon them. Therefore, it benefits all mangers to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the organization and its environment and react accordingly. Introduction The purpose of this article is to evaluate the statement above and discuss the skills a manager might need to be successful in a increasingly fast changing and growing complexity business environment. No matter what form of the organization that you work for, for example, a profit making company, a public sector bodies or voluntary charitable group. We all have been experiencing the impact of the environment that surrounding organization. Accordingly, studying the environment and managing the impact are essential to survive or gain competitive advantage. Changing School of Management Thought Before we talk about the environment, I would like to briefly exploring some of the major schools of management thought. We will write a custom essay sample on In a Highly Dynamic and Turbulent Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is important to know that not only the environment is changing rapidly, but also the way we see the world is shifting. Each of the schools of thought, in their day, represents the major paradigms and reflects the business environment surrounding them in their eras. These schools of thought are the ‘paradigms’ of management referred to by Clarke and Clegg in their book â€Å"Changing Paradigms – The Transformation of Management Knowledge for the 21st Century. †(Clarke Clegg, 2000) . Since â€Å"Clarke and Clegg define paradigms as models or frameworks that we use to help us perceive, perceive, understand and interpret the world around us. † (R A Cowe BmiC Lec1, 2008). We can understand the change happens in business world by studying different schools of thoughts and paradigms in different time. Thus we can compare the complexity of nowadays environment with early year environment. The major schools of management that we need to recognize are Scientific Classical (administrative) Behavioral Systems and contingency approaches Scientific School views management as a science and belief that there is only ‘one best way’ to run a business, whilst mangers are able to identify and prescribe the one best way. Classical School seeks universal truth about management through specialization of work, unity of command, scalar chain of command and co-ordination of activities. Behavioral School emphasizes the ‘people factor’ and it does not view people as machines. These three major foretime schools of management have certain command feature. They just emphasize one aspect of management only, like Scientific management focus on work, Classical management focus on organization structure and Behavioral management focus on people. They believe that there is only one best way to manage a business and only one single factor drive the change. This emphasis tends to ignore the ‘environment factor’. These theories treat management as an internality rather than externality. According to their assumptions, environment seems to be a constant rather than a variable. We suggest that these foretime paradigms, in their time, have much more stable, predictable and parochial environment, therefore they do not see the problem of ignoring the ‘environment factors’. Nowaday environment, however, is no longer stable and predictable. The most recent school of management, System approach, implies that present day organization exist in highly dynamic and turbulent environment. Systems approach represents an organization as an Open System. They believe organization do not exit in isolation, on the contrary, organization exist within environment. We will detailedly discuss system approach and apply it for analysis of the environment in latter part of this article. Cause of Dynamic and Turbulent Nowadays, highly dynamic and turbulent environment was caused by such as globalization and appearance of internet. According to the Boston Consulting Group (Clarke Clegg, 2000) the following are the key â€Å"drives of change†: Change in economic structure The basis of competition The changing shape of business organization â€Å"Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. †( Bhagwati Jagdish, 2004). This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces referred to by Rowman Littlefield in their book â€Å"Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity a Changing World. †(2004) Globalization brings change in economic structure Impact on business: Deregulation and opening up of national economies. For example, accession of China to WTO. Challenges: Complex, fast-changing and unfamiliar competitive environment Globalization also brings change in the basis of competition Impact on business: Emergency of capabilities-based competition. For example, value/supply chain management. Challenges: Managing the relationship with global customers, supplier, and workforces, etc. Globalization change the shape of business organization Impact on business: Growth in flexible working arrangements. Challenges: Leading an organization of quite different design Globalization bring a new manner of doing business, since globality offer much opportunity and competitive to our business environment. You can join economic and technological forces with anybody in anywhere. This gives us a continued growth impact, whilst an uncertain and competitive impact. Take my ompany as an example. I work for a fabric manufacture company, Calen, which is based in Hong Kong having mills in mainland China and ship our product, fabric, to Jordan and Cambodia to produce garment selling to USA. We not only compete with Hong Kong rival, but also Vietnam, Turkey and any knitting company in the world. We also have to manage the relationships with suppliers wh o come from India and Pakistan. Under this highly dynamic and turbulent environment, in order to sustain growth and remain competitive we need our managers or organization to be proactive and actively seek opportunity and avoid risk. Nature and Characteristics of Environment Some mangers of organizations try to manage their organization/environment relationship. However, â€Å"The major issue for management in this respect is whether or not the environment is an unmanageable phenomenon†¦.. because of the nature, complexity and uncertainty which exists out there it is impossible to comprehend the organization/environmental relationship. If it is impossible to understand it is impossible to manage. †(David Hawley, 2008). If we want to manage the environment it is worth to have a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment. There are many definitions of the organizational external environment, .. all factors, EXTERNAL to the organization, a change in which may produce a change in the state of the Organization. † (Ackoff Emery, 1972, Thompson, 1968) Or as Von Bertalanffy (1968) suggests when considering the organization/environmental relationship, it might be viewed as: .. a living organism (The Organization), which interacts with its environment. † These definitions show there is interaction between organization and environment. We cannot isolate organization from its environment. Emery Trist (1969) suggested that certain types of environment contain certain characteristics: Placid Random (static) Placid Clustered (static) Disturbed Reactive (dynamic) Turbulent (dynamic) Placid Random – low degree of movement (change) and little connectedness (linkage); impose least threat to the organization; simple decision making and problem solving techniques required. Placid Clustered – similar to placid random, but environmental factors comes in cluster, e. g. suppliers or distributors; more multi-lateral dealing required by the organization to cope with them all; cannot take the environment as a given. Disturbed Reactive – relationship much more comple; fate of organization inextricably linked with factors in the environment; more uncertainty in the organization environment relationship; requires a response from the organization. Turbulent – high degree and rate of change in environment may be beyond the organization’s capacity to predict, major changes which appear remote, but are significant. Some managers of organizations seek to plan their change strategy in the light of circumstances. According to the complexity and uncertainty of the environment, it is impossible to completely perceive every circumstance surrounding origination. Therefore there must be some circumstances remains unknown to managers. We here distinguish circumstances as ‘known’ and ‘unknown’, the unknown circumstances such as the First Order Environment and the known circumstances such as Second Order Environment. We are going to introduce First/Second Order Environment in the following. Organizations are affected by elements of the external business environment: First Order Environment Second Order Environment Social; Owners Political Employees Economic Competitiors Legal Banks Technical Customers Suppliers Other Stakeholders First order environment is the outer layer that widely dispersed and affects organizations indirectly. It is very hard to predict indirect impact of first order environment on organizations. These elements do not directly change day-to-day operations, but they will affect all organizations eventually. Second order environment is closer to the organization and includes sector that conduct day-to-day transactions with organization and directly influence. It is easy to predict direct impact of these elements on organizations. It is basic operations and performance. In the figure showed below, organizations exist within second order environment, whilst second order environment exist within first order environment. Fig 1. adapted from David Hawley, Napier University, Business and Management in Context, lec 2 p. 8 Analyze Environment Having a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of environment is not enough for managers to plan their change strategy.

Cost Accounting

Cost Accounting Today, as the business world becomes more complicated than the past, many internal accounting managers face with challenging situations. And situation like Kranbraek Corporation makes an internal accounting manager a hard decision between his professional ethics and accepting orders from his or her boss. What really matters is that this is violation of the professional codes of ethics, and it is going to end up with the collapse of the company.Cellant, who is the president of Kranbraik Corporation, has ordered the company ¡Ã‚ ¯s controller to scrutinize all costs that are currently classified as period cost and reclassify as many as possible as product costs. It is meant to convert fixed costs to variable one so that fixed cost that should be incurred this year can be portioned to next year. It sounds clever to debit selling expenses as cost of goods sold which is going to be charged over the next year when the sales amounts are quite high.Professional Ethics (journal)However, the cost of goods sold next year are going to be higher than actual cost of goods sold, then the other aspects of the situation are going to cause the controller to cook the accounting books in other places. Reclassifying period costs to product costs will eventually and consecutively cause more problems later on. Moreover, professional auditors will doubt why Kranbrack Corporation cutbacks period costs, and they will eventually find out that the company deceived stakeholders to look fabulous to potential investors by showing impressive earning per share. Finally, the later story implies an fatal disaster.Whether actual sales accounts don ¡Ã‚ ¯t exceed the planned amounts, it is proper to cut back discretionary fixed costs like advertising and travel. However, nobody knows how adversely cutting back advertising expense affect is invisible and tremendous. Thus, the controller should not disregard the...

Challenges That New Media Poses To the Cinema Industry Essay

Challenges That New Media Poses To the Cinema Industry - Essay Example Modern movie theatres today are perceived as big enclosed buildings with excellent sound effects, comfortable seats, dimmed lights and a big wide screen where the latest international and local movies or films are shown. Movie theatres compared to the televisions are owned by corporations and visited by the general public while televisions are owned by individuals. The film is actually projected with a movie projector onto a large white screen infront of the auditorium. It is connoted as a "big screen" which contrasts the small screens of television to put a thrill and play with a person's imagination when it comes to movie watching. According to a 24 year old movie watcher, movie theatres add more thrill with the use of a larger than life images and loud sound effects. Movie theatres are very popular. Long before television was made known in the 1950's, the first movie theatre which is exclusively showing motion pictures was launch in 1896. Non-commercial television is a system of broadcasting that is financed by means other than advertising revenues. (Paul Mareth) Today however, through the evolution of technology, hi-tech gadgets were being invented. Television is not only used to watch TV shows aired by television programmers and cable/satellites. With the existence of video tapes or video home system (VHS), CD's (compact disk), VCD's (Video Compact disk) and DVD's (Digital Video disk), and the innovation of wide flat screened television sets, it now provides a homely theatre for home entertainment. AIMS To discuss the contribution of the distribution of DVD in peoples lifestyle as a result of home entertainment To know the positive and negative effects of DVD distribution to the cinema industry Film Distribution Since the late 1970's, there has been a radical change in both film content and the distribution of the film product. (Gerald Mast) While more and more people subscribe cable or satellite connections, film industries has come to depend more and more on television rather than theatres. The President of Paradigm, Peter Broderick says "I don't recommend that filmmakers go it alone and try and reinvent the wheel. But I also don't recommend that they just blindly go into making overall deals assuming that all their problems will be solved by this one company, whatever it may be". (Rebort) A film doesn't have to be seen only in theatres with the existence of televisions and the evolution of film distribution. Acknowledging the threat of the growing number of couch potatoes, film doesn't need to be distributed through cinemas alone but also go with the fast flow of digital innovation. Eventually films had been distributed, designed or converted to cater TV viewing, since the early 80's. VC R equipments and video tapes had been popular and widely distributed and so do CD's and DVD's in today's era. However, DVD's won't be around forever. There is this so called "format war" that keeps on

Poverty and Pollution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty and Pollution - Case Study Example In this case, ethical implications lies in the fact that businesses are using the third world countries for their own financial gain, at the expense of the people and environment of the host third world country. However, ethics dictate that any successful business should work within the existing framework of regulations for the benefit of all parties involved, which includes environment and local people. Furthermore, businesses that cause pollution only cater after their own interests and leave people to suffer the consequences of pollution. Moreover, strict ethical laws and regulations in the third world countries business sector has considerable impact relating to financial gains emanating from the said businesses due to the costs affiliated. This is because a country is not willing to let go of the revenue, hence, native people are left suffering the consequences of environmental exploitation and pollution in the quest for wealth. In addition, some of the mother countries of these businesses polluting the environment tend to be powerful and include handsome packages to the third-world governments, which are in return for unregulated exploitation of resources without limitations and liabilities. In addition, businesses operating in third world countries have a number of grounds to disregard pollution standards. One of the reasons leading to this problem would be weak regulations governing pollution menace in the developing countries. These weak guidelines facilitate businesses to disregard the law because little can be done to penalize them for their unethical acts. Thus, there is little to be lost by the said company as compared to countries with strict environmental pollution laws. Moreover, laws play a crucial role in the response of environmental agencies responsible for tackling these environmental issues. This is because weak laws do not foster law enforcement, thus, low motivation and increased pollution crimes in third world countries (Amnesty Interna tional, 2009). Corruption cannot to be left behind, as it is a critical aspect, this is in terms of regulation; where those charged with responsibility receive bribes from companies to allow pollution blatantly (â€Å"New A.T. Kearney...†, 2000). In addition, the issue of penalties leads to total disregard for standards of pollution control. This is in terms of leniency and harshness while punishing violators of these standards as they set examples to be emulated and followed. In this regard, companies that are leniently penalized have a possibility of repeating the same offence, as the income is much higher than the penalty. Besides, it could be cheaper to pay the penalty than follow the set guidelines. As a result, businesses may opt for the cheapest way out by maximizing their profits at the expense of conserving the environment. Pollution, economic growth and development all have a close relationship with each other since according to common belief, pollution is the price of progress, and that the cost of development is almost directly proportional to the resultant pollution in terms of industrial waste and pollutant material. This is evident in the case of china that doubled its Gross Domestic Product by over five times, and the results are a sharp rise environmental pollution, ecological destruction and increased carbon dioxide emissions (ZhiDong,

Production of Hydrophobic Bioplastics using Silicon Dioxide

Production of Hydrophobic Bioplastics using Silicon Dioxide ABSTRACT Silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica, is a chemical compound that comes in different forms and has a variety of uses. One form is silica gel, which is used as a desiccant in shoe boxes and bags to prevent rupturing, and to prevent molds in food products. Silica is the main material in our project because it has water-repelling properties and our group planned to create hydrophobic bioplastics with these properties. The purpose of this study is to benefit people in many ways. One way is the protection for electronic gadgets from water. Another method is to speed up the cleaning of food containers. With the hydrophobic properties of our plastic, water has less contact with it making washing containers easier. To test our plastics we produced for hydrophobic properties (or wetability), we used a testing method known as the drop contact method. Twelve pieces of 2cm x 2cm plastic samples were prepared – with 3 pieces per concentration. A graduated dropper was used to drop 1mL of water on each plastic sample over a dish. The amount of water on the dish shows how much water each plastic sample repels. Our results show that as the concentration of the silicon dioxide increases, the water repelled decreases.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Background of the Study: SiO2 is a substance used to produce modern plastics. The group came up with an idea of making use of the said substance to produce hydrophobic plastics which could be a big help in latest technology and practical activities in our daily lives. Through this, we could also expand the capability of the silicon dioxide which may be used also in different ways. Research Hypothesis: If silicon dioxide is added as a material in the production of plastics, then a more hydrophobic plastic will be produced. Objectives of the Study General Objective: This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of silicon dioxide in producing hydrophobic plastics. Specific Objectives: Produce an inexpensive and durable hydrophobic bioplastic material. Test the hydrophobicity of the bioplastic produced using the drop contact testing method. Significance of the Study The researchers chose the topic because of the advantages that could be given to us people not only in our homes but on other fields of industries by the product. Plastics are widely used all over the world; it is the main reason why the researchers would like to introduce new technology in the form of hydrophobic plastics. If the project would be successful, hydrophobic plastics would be a big help in cleaning surfaces of plastics. For instances, dusts on plastics could be easily washed away by pouring water into the surface of the plastic. Hydrophobic plastics could also be alternative casings to our gadgets and appliances. It could protect our modern technologies from water penetration. It would also bring advantages in storing food products in the refrigerator like meats and fishes. The product will also be a good container for soaps, toothbrushes, plates and other household materials. Scope and Limitations The research shall only focus in the ability of plastic to repel water. Other characteristics of a plastic shall be maintained. In the production of the plastic, silicon dioxide will be the only addition to the regular raw materials of the process. Review of Related Literature Repellant Plastics GE accomplished this by modifying a material that’s a mainstay of its plastics business. And they took their inspiration from the leaves of the lotus plant, which is naturally super hydrophobic; microscopic inspection of lotus leaves reveals their nanocrystalline wax structure. The lotus leaf surface has cells 5-10 micrometers wide, on top of which are tiny wax crystals that are tens of nanometers wide. On a lotus leaf, water beads look almost like perfect spheres. GE set out to mimic this pattern on the surface of its polycarbonate material, essentially by â€Å"roughening† the surface in a specific way. Tao Deng, materials scientist at GE, is tight-lipped about the process, but says it was done with a â€Å"chemical treatment of the surface.†GE succeeded with its prototype last summer, but only began discussing the advance in recent weeks. One of the significant downsides is that the process leaves the plastic opaque, not transparent. That means it would not work for plastic windows or clear food containers. But a clear version is not far off. â€Å"That’s coming,† Deng says. Even getting the opaque versions into real products will take some time. GE estimates it will be at least five years before commercialization, once the manufacturing issues are resolved. Five years isn’t that much time, though – about how long it takes for all the ketchup to drip out of today’s plastic bottles. Hydrophobic Glasses BalcoNano stated that there are two categories of what is known in the market as â€Å"self-cleaning† glass. These two categories are: glass coated or applied with hydrophilic layer that uses photo catalytic decomposition, and glass coated or applied with a hydrophobic protective coating. The microscopically rough surface of glass is what makes it hard to clean. Dirt, bacteria and other particles can get deep into the glasses that it cannot be removed with any cleaning material. To solve this problem, we can make the surface of the glass very water repelling or hydrophobic. Applying a hydrophobic coating to the glass gives it a sort of shield. Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to the surface created by the hydrophobic coating. This form of glass works in a similar way to Teflon works on a frying pan. It produces a non-stick surface and water will run off of this surface quickly and not streak. The coating or applications of this type are silica based and create a nano-scale film that covers the microscopic valleys and peaks on the surface of glass. This type of self-clean coating prevents the contamination, dirt and grime from clinging onto the glass or fixing to the surface. There are advantages and disadvantages of hydrophobic coated glass. An advantage is that everything that gets put on the glass can be easily removed with water. Dirt, graffiti, and paint can get washed off with just a splash or two. A disadvantage is that coatings may differ from manufacturer to manufacturer, and that application is not easy. Factory applied coatings, depending on the exact product, have a life span of 3 to 10 years in external conditions. Cost wise the hydrophobic coatings and applications are usually about half the cost of the hydrophilic type glasses. Many industries and manufacturers commonly use silica powders alone or in combination with other ingredients. The mineral has moisture absorbing and thickening properties. These characteristics make silica useful in construction materials, cosmetics, and some foods. Silica is one of the most common minerals on the planet. It is a component of sand and quartz along with other minerals. Manufacturers obtain natural silica by mining and grind the substance into granules or fine powders. Some companies make synthetic silica, but both types commonly start with silica sand. Both natural and synthetic silica powders are frequently found in non-food products. Microscopic diatoms, which are hard-shelled skeletal remains of single celled plants, also contain silicon dioxide. These remains exist in salt and fresh water beds. These types of silica are frequently referred to as amorphous silica. They are frequently ground into granules or a fine powder, sometimes called silica flour. Diatomaceous earth silica may be used in food or non-food products. Quartz powders or glass powders are silica sand heated to extreme temperatures and melted. Artisans and manufacturers mold and shape the molten material. When cooled, the substance becomes glass. Paints, plastics, polyvinyl chloride glue, and corrosive resistant coatings all contain silica powders. In some of these products, the silica acts as a thickening or hardening agent. Some cleansers and detergents contain silica powders. The granulated mineral scrubs surfaces by means of mechanical abrasion. Silica detergents might be used for washing clothes, dishes, or be found in general powdered cleaners. Abrasive action is also desired in some toothpastes, which contain diatomaceous earth silica as one of the ingredients. When used in hand cleaners, the abrasive nature of silica may cause rashes or other skin irritations. Silica cosmetics contain the silky translucent powder to absorb skin oils. The mineral is thought to be hypoallergenic and some believe the substance reduces the visibility of facial lines and wrinkles. Consumers may purchase silica powders and add the substance to lawns or soil to increase moisture retention. Some believe the powdered form also deters or eliminates insect pests, though inhaling the product may lead to serious lung inflammation or possibly cancer. Food and pharmaceutical industries commonly use silica powders for the mineral’s ability to absorb up to 50% of its weight in moisture. Food grade, or the diatomaceous earth form of silica powders, is commonly used as an anti-caking agent in coffee creamers, powdered foods, and seasonings. The self-contained gel packs frequently found in medications and over-the-counter supplement bottles usually contain some form of silica. Bioplastics Bioplastic isnotmade from petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource. Bioplastics come fromsustainable renewable resources. Corn regrows in a year. They arenon- toxic:no harmful toxins will leak into the food compostable. Best case scenario it ends in a commercial compost facility where it composts, and is used to feed the soil and grow more plants. Biodegradable Bioplastic takes longer to biodegrade in home composts, where conditions are uncontrolled and are rarely optimal. If it does end up in a landfill it will biodegrade if it is exposed to bacteria, moisture and heat. There are different biodegradable plastics available, each with their own properties: PLA is made from fermented corn starch, and is a great alternative to conventional petroleum based plastic in many applications. PLA is transparent and heat sensitive to 40 C. It’s used on its own, or as a thin sheet over bagasse or cardboard to act as a moisture or grease barrier. It is used to make our  bags, bowls,  cupsand  lids. CPLA is a combination of PLA, chalk and other biodegradable additives and can withstand temperatures of up to 95 °C without deforming. It is usually opaque in colour and is used for making our disposable  cutlery  and  coffee cup lids. Definition of Terms For this research study, one must know and understand the following terms: Plastics are one of class of organic compounds made from hydrocarbons, proteins, cellulose, or resins that can be molded, extruded, cast, or otherwise fabricated into various shapes. In this study, we use bioplastics which are just plastics developed from cornstarch. Hydrophobicity is a characteristic of a material to repel water. Drop contact is a testing method to determine the hydrophobicity of the material. It is done by dropping a constant amount of water on a sample material over a dish. The amount of water on the dish shows how much water the sample repels. METHODOLOGY Procedure Preparation of materials The researchers prepared the various raw materials that make up the bioplastic: powdered silica, starch, vinegar, glycerin and water. Three different 7 cm x 7cm x 1 cm containers were also prepared and were labeled A, B and C. The materials and then placed in different containers, grouped as: ‘A’ for 0% concentration, ‘B’ for 1% concentration, ‘C’ for 2% concentration, and ‘D’ for 3% concentration.[Sir Jay1]  ­Ã‚ ­Production of the Plastic The materials mentioned above are mixed then heated until the mixture boils and creates a clear substance. After heating, the mixture is placed on a flat surface depending on the desired thickness. The mixture was set aside to dry until it produced a durable plastic. For the constant group; the researchers mixed 48g of cornstarch, 314ml of water, 8ml of vinegar, and another 8ml of glycerin. Thus 330 ml of mixture is produced which is divided into three making it 110 ml for each plastic sample. For 1% concentration; 3.3 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 6.3g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 1% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. For 2% concentration; 6.6 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 12.6g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 2% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. For 3% concentration; 9.9 ml of the 330 ml mixture is removed and replaced with 18.9g of powdered SiO2. The 330 ml with 3% concentration is also divided into three making it 110 ml of 1% concentration for each plastic sample. Testing and Data Gathering The produced plastic is tested on its hydrophobic properties by comparing the amount of water repelled by each of the concentrations (using the drop contact testing method). The dimensions of the sample material for each concentration that we used are 2 cm by 2 cm. The statistical test we have selected for this study is one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Analysis If the silica-concentrated group shows a noteworthy distinction to the control, we can conclude that SiO2 is effective in making hydrophobic plastic. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION TABLE 1 Amount of water repelled by the produced bioplastics with different silica concentrations Reflected in Table 1 the evidence showing variability in the amount of water repelled by the plastics produced using different concentrations of silica. The minimum mean (0.63 mL) is in the control and the maximum (0.78 mL) is shared 2% and 3% concentration. FIGURE 1 Line graph showing the correlation between the values of the amount of water repelled Then, the researchers tested the data obtained using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test to see if there is a significant difference among the control and independent variables. According to the results of the test, there is a very significant difference (0.0002) on 0% vs 1% and extremely significant differences on 0% vs 2% and 0% vs 3%. However, the 1%, 2% and 3% concentrations show no significant differences when compared with each other. Furthermore, there is positive correlation (0.9012). CONCLUSION The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of silicon dioxide (SiO2) powder to the production of hydrophobic bioplastics. According to the results of our experiment, adding silicon dioxide to the contents of a bioplastic evidently makes it more hydrophobic. However, varying the concentration does not affect the hydrophobicity of the plastic. RECOMMENDATION The research group recommends adding more variations to the concentrations to give a better comparison of the experiment. Adding more trials to each concentration is also recommended to make the results more accurate. Also, using Tapioca starch is a great alternative for making the bioplastic. Remember to make the right calculations for the concentrations. Maintain the same shape, area, and weight for all trials of the plastic so that the comparison is accurate.  ­ BIBLIOGRAPHY BalcoNanoâ„ ¢. (n.d.). Hydrophobic Glasses. Retrieved from BalcoNano: http://www.balconano.com/HydrophobicGlass.aspx Craig Freudenrich, P. (n.d.). How Plastics Work. Retrieved from Howstuffworks: http://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic5.htm Hall, M. J., Barwick, S. (2013, April 10). What Are the Different Uses of Silica Powders? Retrieved from wiseGEEK: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-uses-of-silica-powders.htm Mempro Materials. (n.d.). Silicon Dioxide Nanofiber Materials. Retrieved from Mempro: http://mempro.com/products/ceramic-nanofiber-materials/silicon-dioxide-nanofiber-material/ Rice University News Release. (2010, September 1). Silicon oxide circuits break barrier. Retrieved from Understanding Nano: http://www.understandingnano.com/silicon-oxide-nanowire-memory.html Talbot, D. (2006, February 23). Super-Repellent Plastic. Retrieved from MIT Technology Review: http://www.technologyreview.com/news/405378/super-repellent-plastic/ http://www.greenhome.co.za/raw-materials/plant-starch/ APPENDICES Appendix A Total Cost of the Project Total project cost: à ¢Ã‚ ±Ã‚ £ 863.00 APPENDIX B Ordinary One-Way ANOVA (at ÃŽ ± = 0.05) APPENDIX C Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons (at ÃŽ ± = 0.05)  ­ 1 [Sir Jay1]revise

Philosophy Essay on Self Essay

I certify that this literature review is my own work and contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any institute, college or university. Moreover, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the dissertation. Name Signed _________________________________________________ Date ___________________________________________________ The most fundamental of the questions man asks himself in his lifetime are, â€Å"what/who am I ? â€Å"and â€Å"what is my purpose? † The curiosity over this issue of ‘the self’ has spanned human thought for millennia rooting from societal notion that â€Å"life cannot be just bricks and cement†. Due to the inherent nature of these fundamental curiosities mankind has struggled from ancient times to uncover these mysteries. In the western-context, this brief essay will try to explore the dimensions of the â€Å"essence of self† ranging from medieval to the modern conception of self. It will review the theories of self starting with Aristotelian science and Christian doctrines and their eventual marriage by St. Thomas Acquinas’ moral theory. In effect, it then explores critical viewpoints and traces the development of Scientific Rationalization. Progressively, it debates Rene Descartes’ rationalist views shaping his dualistic conception of the self. Furthermore, it poses the contrasting empiricist views of John Locke where he places self-consciousness and memory as the variables to comprehend self. In addition, it contests David Hume’s proclamation of the self as fiction (Robinson, H. , 2012). The theories of self and identity gradually developed over a historical timeline resulting in modern thought on the subject. In this regard, it is important to understand its development initiation from religious conception in the west. Curiosity on these issues can be traced back to accounts of Aristotle, where he is of the view that everything in nature has a purpose and everything can be rationalized based on its intent and the purpose it served (Greetham, B. 2006, p. 213). This is referred to as the ‘teleological’ view, which contributed to the formation of medieval world view formed by Christian dogma and the Catholic church (Cavalier, G. ,1989). This Christian conception viewed the world as being God’s creation and expression of his will which was cosmologically meaningful and structured. The purpose of things under this theology is God given and is a part of the ‘grand plan’ (Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy). This categorises the medieval belief of self, where humans have a certain place and purpose and the self is understood in terms of the role it plays in the grand plan of things. The medieval Christian conception of self was greatly inspired by the work of 13th century theologian St. Thomas Acquinas. In his opus he bridged the gap between faith and reason by linking Christian dogma and Aristotelian thought (O’Callaghan, R. , 2010). In essence, he lived in a crucial juncture of western culture when the Latin translation of Aristotelian corpus was made available which in effect reignited the debate on relating faith and reason. His theories borrowed from Aristotle and Christian dogma and ethics which were consistently reaffirmed by the church over the centuries (auquinas from stanford). The aforementioned medieval religious conception of self forms the basis Acquinas’ ethical premise on how we ought to act (Greetham, B., 2006). Right and wrong actions based on their compliance with human nature and its place â€Å"God-given natural order†, categorized as natural or unnatural. Hence, the self bounded and confined to serving a purpose. However, this religious world-view came under intense criticism with the advent of scientific advancement and rationality in the 16th and 17th centuries. Scientific thinking developed under the likes of Descartes and Locke and was reasoned based on the accomplishments of Galileo and Newton(Zalta, E. , 2011). They disregarded the place of divine-will in their conception of self, basing it on mere experience, empirical evidence and mathematical formulations. This shift of conception is termed ‘demythologization’, where everything works without a purpose and results from mechanical interaction of particles regulated by universal laws which can be mathematically formulated (Greetham, B. , 2006). Consequently, began the search of the self by looking within for purpose and meaning. The modern view of self is articulated in the works of 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes. He pioneered the dualistic understanding of the human being, which is made up of the â€Å"mental substance (mind) and the physical substance (body)† (Warburton, N. , 1992). Here, the body has physical properties like having weight and using space, whereas the mind is a non-material substance, responsible for thought and experience and hence is the abode of consciousness. In his view, the self is a spiritual â€Å"subject of experience† which is fundamentally different from the body and nature, where the body inessential and the mind can exist independently. His radical scepticism led to the formation of the â€Å"Illusion argument†, where the bodily senses are deemed unreliable and thus the existence of the external world and body is uncertain. The only thing one can be certain of is that ‘I exist’. This is categorized under his famous proclamation -â€Å"Cogito ergo sum†, meaning â€Å"I think, therefore I am† (Cavalier, G. , 1989). In essence, â€Å"the self is essentially mental† and the search for purpose and meaning should be searched within ourselves instead of classifying it under totality of nature. In his endeavours, Descartes used the â€Å"rationalist approach† to knowledge, which solely relies on logic and scepticism . In contrast, his contemporary, English philosopher John Locke relies on the â€Å"empiricist approach†, where knowledge is acquired by the means of watchfulness and experience. His theology of self underlines the role of reason, consciousness and self-consciousness. As for Locke, he sees self-consciousness as a inseparable element in the conduct of any conscious action, like thinking and observing. The perception of the world by the senses, awareness of personal identity, actions performed and its retention (memory) over time is what constitutes self-consciousness (Robinson, H. , 2012). Personal identity here is quintessentially the self, in which memory is decisive variable as the consciousness of past actions is critical to being the same person; and selfhood is reliant on the consciousness and not the body. For instance, if a person has memories from a past life as Salvador Dali, then he is the same person in the current life with a different body. These arguments however appear ambiguous upon correlation with Descartes’ accounts. However, Locke’s accounts differ where cites that it is not necessary that thinking, observation etc. to be the products of a non-material substance and leaves a prospect open that they could be of material origin. The self, Locke argues, is resultant from â€Å"continuity of consciousness† and not a ‘substance’ as proposed by Descartes (Greetham, B. , 2006). Then again, there is a fallacy in these arguments; if the self is continuity of consciousness and memory retention then without the memory of past actions accountability for the actions is cannot be held (Cavalier, g., 1989). For instance, it could be hypothesized in Locke’s view, that a person who committed murder as a child, who grew up to become a doctor and then as an old man he cannot remember his crime as a child, hence in effect, he cannot be held responsible for the murder. Eighteenth century philosopher David Hume continued in the empirical approach, maintaining that authentic knowledge is solely acquired on the basis of direct experience (Robinson H. , 2012). He borrows from Locke, however, he reaches drastic conception where he conceives the self as fiction. Thereafter, he entirely disregards the â€Å"substance view of the mind†. He bases his conception strictly on experience or ‘perception’ and maintains that the existential claim for the inner substance should be discoverable by experience (Greetham, B. , 2006). Through his experience, Hume, found no such substance but instead only a variety of perceptions where there is no identity or self binding them. Academics refer to this view as the â€Å"bundle theory of substance†, where different perceptions are in eternal flux (Robinson H. , 2012). However, Hume fails to identify a unifying  factor and puts forth a vague understanding of the mind just being a bundle of perceptions. Consequently, the Cartesian theory of self gained an upper hand as it offers the unifying substance of mind in the conception of the self (Greetham, B. , 2006). The aforementioned theories of self significantly influence the post-modern conception of the self, as the subject has a tendency to develop over time (Cahoone, L. , 2003). These western theories have borrowed from Eastern conceptions of self, which indicates ancient interaction between the west and the east. (Cavalier, G. , 1989). In the contemporary world, the twentieth century has been the fore-bringer of brisk industrialization in the western world, begetting fast-paced consumer societies, where the people have little or no time for personal fulfilment (Cahoone, L. 2003). This along with advent of cultural pluralism, scientific rationalization and secularization of notions of religion has led to burgeoning interest in the conception of self (Olsen and Timothy, 2006, p. 139). On a personal basis, the theories of self explored here provided a clearer picture on the gradual development of understanding of self with a historical context and an insight into how these theories have shaped post-modern notions on the same (Collinson, P. et al, 2000). Descartes’ accounts and his emphasis on the soul substance worked as a bride between my eastern thought origin and modern western conception on the subject. However, Locke’s and Hume’s empirical approach and their emphasis on discovering self through experience is also profound to my conception of self. Their conclusions however appeared radical and absurd especially in the case of Hume where proclaims the self as being fictional. References: Cahoone, L. (2003). From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Carlton: Blackwell. Cavalier, G. &. (1989). Ethics in the History of Western Philosophy. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Collinson, P. &. (2000). Fifty Eastern Tihnkers. London: Routledge. Greetham, B. (2006). Philosophy. Norwich: Palgrave Macmillan. Jamal, T. a. (2009). The Sage Handbook of Tourism Studies. London: Sage. O’Callaghan, R. et al. (2010, December 21). Saint Thomas Aquinas. Retrieved May 1, 2012, from http://plato. stanford. edu/: Olsen, D. H. and Timothy, D. J. (2006). Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys. Oxford: Routledge. Robinson, H. (2012, Demember 21). Dualism. Retrieved May 1, 2012, from http://plato. stanford. edu/: Warburton, N. (1992). Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. Zalta, E. (2011, September 21). Aquinas’ Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from www. http://plato. stanford. edu/: .

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

There are people all over the United States who are required to share their personal information with physicians and other medical professionals. Fortunately the health care environment guarantees patient confidentiality for all of their sensitive and health-related information. There are several acts that the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have developed in order to ensure all patients are given the proper medical confidentially that they deserve. One specific act is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).This act required HHS to develop regulations that would protect the privacy and security of certain health information. In the end two separate rules were published: Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information and The Security Standards for the Protection of Electronic Protected Health Information. HIPAA is an important aspect of health care especially-when it comes to the safety of all patients (Andrews, 2010). Due to the strict privacy and security acts of this program, the consequences are extremely severe.One of the more important rules of HIPAA is the privacy rule, which â€Å"establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information† (Summary of The HIPAA Privacy Rule 2003). This aspect also applies to several health plans, health care clearinghouses, and other health care providers that perform electronic health care transactions. Due to the privacy rule, without proper patient authorization there are serious limits and safeguards that prevent anyone from sharing a patient’s medical information.Another crucial part of this rule is the fact that patients have the legal right to review and examine their health records, as well the authority to request any corrections they see necessary to repair. This becomes important when a patient finds incorrect information on their file that any of the medica l staff failed to recognize such as birthdate or a blood type. Having a patient review their file is a common way that mistakes are corrected. In order to protect and enforce the privacy of patient medical records, there are several comprehensive programs that are required through clinical information systems.There are three main clinical systems that were created to protect a patient’s privacy of their medical records. The first system-called patient care systems-â€Å"stores information about a patient’s medical history, diagnoses, and treatment plans† (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008). The organizations that choose to provide this care are also responsible for making sure that each patient’s medical information is available only to those who are authorized to view it. Another clinical system is called Public health information systems.These systems are in charge of supporting disease prevention and surveillance programs. Protecting public health is not a simple task; it requires knowing how to properly add and store health-related information about each individual. Without this system, any sort of leakage of sensitive information could lead to discrimination in employment or insurance eligibility. The final clinical information system, which is referred to as the medical research information system, is responsible for studying patterns of certain diseases in specific populations by using patient records.This act of studying common patterns is a way to prevent the reoccurrence of any fatal diseases and protect the health of others. Due to the fact that most of a patients’ data is accessible to many investigators, it is important that information security measures are taken to provide the necessary privacy. In order to establish this aspect of HIPAA, it is important for health care companies to appoint the responsibilities of enforcing the guidelines of HIPAA to the proper unit of the health care department. Some companies rely on co mpliance or specific privacy offices to ensure these obligations (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008).The fear of having no privacy can lead to individuals avoiding treatments or clinical tests because they feel their medical records are not protected properly. This fear puts the health of others in danger and can lead to bigger and more dangerous issues in the future. The other important aspect of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is the security rule, which â€Å"focuses on administrative, technical and physical safeguards specifically as they relate to electronic protected health information† (Yale University, 2013).With such critical information being stored electronically the security rule is also responsible for protecting the system against any sort of failure, including external tragic events that could take place randomly such as a fire or a power outage. These crucial files are usually copied to a removable disk to ensure that all files will not be lost. T his type of information can be stored in computer hard drives, memory cards, any kind of removable digital memory media or all transmission media that can be used to exchange information such as the internet (HIPAA, 2013).Preventing unauthorized viewing of electronic protected health information (ePHI) can become difficult due to the variety of ways information is stored. Overall the major goal of the Security rule is allow the development of new technologies that will help to improve the quality of care as well as protect all the sensitive health information that is shared and documented (Summary of The HIPAA Security Rule 2003). There are several measures that must be taken in order to secure all the different types of medical information.A proper security policy should include the three following elements: physical security, technical controls over access, and management policies (Glandon & Smaltz, 2008). These elements should be known by all staff and enforced by management. Whe n it comes to the proper amount of physical security there is no such thing as having too little or too much. The most common forms of physical security include hardware and data file security. Hardware securities defend computers from unauthorized access or viruses entering private files (Das, Kant, & Zhang, 2012).These are usually the first step of security that is taken in order to enforce the security portion of HIPAA throughout the medical records. Another element that helps secure private files is technical safeguards. Theses safeguards include ideas that are as simple as having a password that only authorized individuals are aware of or even creating a specific encryption that only the employees of a health care company are able to translate. Creating audit logs is great way to view who is logged into specific patients’ information and when they did so. This enables any supervisor to have superior knowledge of who accesses what information.The final element that a secu rity policy should provide is the enforcement of all management policies. These could include having written company security polices that are available for employees to review at any time. Making sure that all employees are aware of all security polices is important in order to ensure the safety of all medical records. These policies can be addressed in employee training, which is another important part of any management position. Employee training is where all questions should be answered and all policies should be understood.Employees also need to be informed of the disciplinary actions that will follow if any sort of the management policy is broken or disobeyed. There are always repercussions when it comes to breaking the rules; HIPAA has several consequences due to the disobedience of the people. There is a general penalty â€Å"for failure to comply with requirements and standards† (Penalties Under HIPAA, 2013). This is the more common penalty that occurs; it requires t he person who violated the rules to pay one hundred dollars for each violation and may not exceed $25,000 throughout a one year time frame.The other offense that includes any â€Å"wrongful disclosure of individual identifiable health information† (Penalties Under HIPAA, 2013) has a more in-depth punishment rate. This includes situations where an individual shares another individual’s health information to an unofficial person. Also, the obtainment of another individual’s medical information when it is not needed or asked for any specific medical reason is also included in this offense. The first penalty that is sentenced in this situation is that the violator will not be fined more than $50,000 and/or imprisoned up to one year.If the offense is committed under false pretenses the violator will not be fined any more than $100,000 and/or imprisoned for up to five years. The biggest penalty occurs if the offense is committed with the intention of selling an indivi dual’s medical record for certain advantages. In this case the violator will be fined no more than $250,000 and/or imprisoned for no more than ten years. Because the information protected under HIPAA laws is invaluable and incredibly sensitive, legislators made sure to implement punishments that will hopefully deter potential wrong doers from breaking the law.Unfortunately, the severe consequences that the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act endorses, does not intimidate everyone. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is still the most effective act and it helps to protect the privacy of individually identifiable health information, as well as secure the electronic protected health information. When the proper elements to both the privacy and security rules are followed, the more successful HIPAA will be.